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02 June 2023 | Story Dr Yolandi Schoeman | Photo Supplied

In response to the recent cholera outbreaks in South Africa, the University of the Free State is at the forefront of developing a ground-breaking solution that aims to revolutionise low-cost domestic wastewater treatment and transform the country’s water infrastructure in rural areas. Led by the team at the UFS Centre for Environmental Management (CEM) in collaboration with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), this innovative approach is centred around ecological engineering and offers a promising solution to the pressing water security concerns and increased pollution risks facing the nation.

South Africa has faced significant challenges in integrating water resource management and environmental preservation, leading to compromised water security and escalating pollution risks. Traditional wastewater treatment methods have struggled to cope with the deterioration of infrastructure, institutional capacity limitations, and rising hydraulic loads, resulting in the discharge of pollutants into rivers. This has raised concerns about the environmental and public health risks of heavy metals, emerging contaminants, and ‘forever chemicals’ (chemicals have an exceptionally long lifespan and do not naturally break down over time).

Natural-based solutions to address issues

Prof Paul Oberholster, Director of the CEM, says to address these critical issues, the centre has introduced a range of natural-based solutions, including phycoremediation, phytoremediation, and microbial bioremediation. Phycoremediation, a cutting-edge biological clean-up technology, uses indigenous micro or macro algae to remove contaminants from wastewater effluents.

“Phycoremediation effectively transforms pollutants such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfates, and salts into benign substances by harnessing nutrient enrichment. This process offers multiple advantages, including tackling various pollutants simultaneously, creating commercially beneficial compounds, sequestering CO2, and producing biohydrogen. Furthermore, phycoremediation is a cost-effective and resilient process that can accommodate varying substance quantities and consistencies.

“Microbial bioremediation, another pioneering technique, utilises microorganisms to naturally break down and degrade soil, water, and air pollutants. By leveraging the natural metabolic processes of microorganisms, microbial bioremediation reduces harmful substances to non-toxic or less toxic forms,” Prof Oberholster says. “This environmentally friendly method has shown success in cleaning up contaminated sites, including industrial areas, agricultural fields, disaster-stricken areas, and wastewater treatment plants.” 

This phycoremediation technology for domestic wastewater, developed in collaboration with the CSIR and the African Development Bank, is suitable for small to medium rural plants. It does not use electricity or any dangerous chemicals, and can be used on the assisting infrastructure. The technology has already been rolled out in the Western Cape, Limpopo, and Malawi.

According to Prof Oberholster, implementing these ecological engineering solutions provides transformative opportunities for small to medium-sized wastewater treatment works in South Africa. By incorporating these technologies, local communities can enhance treatment capacity, create employment opportunities, and recycle materials, while benefiting from cost-effective and environmentally conscious solutions. Upgrading existing treatment works becomes feasible, reducing the need for significant infrastructure investments.

Dr Yolandi Schoeman, a postdoctoral student in CEM, says cholera, a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, has been a significant concern in South Africa. Understanding the causes, warning signs, and preventive measures is crucial in combating this deadly disease. Cholera outbreaks often occur in areas with poor sanitation, inadequate access to clean water, and overcrowding. Contaminated water sources, such as rivers or wells, become breeding grounds for the bacterium, which is then transmitted through contaminated food and water. Early identification of warning signs, including severe diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration, is essential for timely intervention.

Causes of cholera

Contaminated water: Cholera outbreaks often occur in areas with poor sanitation and inadequate access to clean water. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae thrives in contaminated water sources such as rivers, lakes, or wells.

Contaminated food: Cholera can also be transmitted through consuming contaminated food, especially raw or undercooked seafood, or produce irrigated with contaminated water.

Poor sanitation: Improper waste disposal, lack of proper sewage systems, and unhygienic conditions contribute to the spread of cholera. When human waste containing the cholera bacterium contaminates water sources or food, the disease can spread rapidly.

Warning signs of cholera

Diarrhoea: Cholera is characterised by profuse watery diarrhoea. The stools are often described as "rice water" due to their appearance.

Vomiting: Along with diarrhoea, cholera may cause vomiting, leading to rapid dehydration.

Dehydration: Cholera can cause severe dehydration due to losing fluids and electrolytes. Signs of dehydration include dry mouth, excessive thirst, decreased urine output, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure.

Preventive measures to combat cholera

Access to clean water: Ensuring a clean water supply is crucial in preventing cholera. Communities should have access to safe drinking water sources, and measures should be taken to prevent contamination of water sources.

Hygiene practices: Promoting good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing with soap and clean water, can help prevent transmission of cholera. Handwashing should be done before handling food or eating, and after using the toilet.

Sanitation improvements: Proper waste disposal systems, improved sewage systems, and sanitation facilities are essential in preventing the contamination of water sources and the spread of cholera.

Health education: Conducting health education campaigns to raise awareness about cholera symptoms, transmission routes, and preventive measures is crucial. Communities at risk should be educated on safe water practices, proper hygiene, and the importance of seeking medical help if symptoms occur.

Surveillance and rapid response: Establishing robust surveillance systems to detect cholera cases early and respond rapidly is vital. This includes improving laboratory diagnostics, training healthcare workers, and enhancing communication between health authorities and communities.

Vaccination: Vaccination against cholera can be an effective preventive measure, especially in high-risk areas or during outbreaks. Oral cholera vaccines can provide protection against the disease. It is important to note that vaccines alone may not be sufficient to control cholera. Improving water and sanitation infrastructure, disaster anticipation and response, promoting good hygiene practices, and implementing appropriate public health measures are also crucial in preventing and controlling cholera outbreaks.

“To prevent cholera outbreaks, a multi-faceted approach is required,” Dr Schoeman says. “Individuals and communities must prioritise access to clean water by ensuring a clean water supply and promoting hygiene practices such as handwashing with soap. Sanitation improvements, including proper waste disposal and improved sewage systems, are essential in preventing the contamination of water sources.” 

She says health education campaigns should raise awareness about cholera symptoms, transmission routes, and preventive measures, targeting communities at risk. “Establishing robust surveillance systems and emergency response teams, improving laboratory diagnostics, and enhancing communication between health authorities and communities is crucial for rapid response to cholera cases.” 

In addition to these preventive measures, nature-based systems offer innovative approaches to cholera prevention by harnessing the power of natural ecosystems. Conserving and restoring wetlands, which act as natural filters, can help purify water and reduce the presence of pathogens like Vibrio cholerae. The integration of ecological engineering solutions, such as phycoremediation and microbial bioremediation, into wastewater treatment processes not only addresses pollution concerns but also contributes to preventing the contamination of water sources and reducing the risk of cholera outbreaks.

The CEM's pioneering work aligns seamlessly with South Africa's commitment to sustainable development and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 6, which aims to ensure universal access to clean water and sanitation. By integrating ecological engineering solutions like phycoremediation into public sector service delivery efforts, the CEM is driving positive change, improving quality of life for South African communities, and protecting precious water resources.

“The challenges we face in wastewater management, water security, and preventing cholera outbreaks require innovative solutions that prioritise ecological engineering and sustainability. Through our research and collaboration with local health authorities, we aim to develop preventive measures to combat cholera outbreaks and create a resilient water infrastructure for South Africa,” Prof Oberholster says.

The CEM's work has already demonstrated its efficacy and potential by piloting these advanced treatment technologies in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. “Further research and capacity-building efforts within South Africa will enable the widespread implementation of these solutions and address the unique challenges small and medium municipalities face,” Prof Oberholster adds. 

“The University of the Free State is committed to driving positive change, contributing to sustainable development, and ensuring universal access to clean water and sanitation in South Africa. By combining academic expertise, innovative technologies, and collaborative partnerships, the university aims to pave the way for a future where water resources are protected, cholera outbreaks are prevented, and communities thrive.”

News Archive

Researcher at Qwaqwa Campus, Dr Aliza le Roux, selected as SAYAS member
2014-09-12

 

Dr Aliza le Roux

Dr Aliza le Roux, senior lecturer in the Department of Zoology and Entomology on the Qwaqwa Campus of the University of the Free State (UFS), was selected as a member of the 2014 South African Young Academy of Science (SAYAS). Dr Le Roux, a member of the Vice-Chancellor's Prestige Scholars Programme at the UFS, is also a South African National Research Foundation-rated (NRF) scientist (Y2) and the winner of the UFS Vice-Chancellor’s Excellence in Teaching Award in 2013.

She sees her selection to SAYAS as a unique opportunity to help change the face of science in South Africa. Dr Le Roux hopes to use her skills as project leader in social media, as well as her own learning experiences on a rural campus, to inspire especially ecological research in a country so rich in its own natural heritage.

The SAYAS selection committee was impressed by the high level of academic merit and depth of the nominations they received. “Your membership is critical in contributing to many of the vital activities and functioning of SAYAS, and we look forward to your active contributions to the further development and growth of the Young Academy,” said Prof Aldo Stroebel, Chair: SAYAS Selection Committee.

Prof Corli Witthuhn, Vice-Rector: Research at the UFS, said, “Aliza le Roux is an outstanding young scientist on our Qwaqwa Campus. She is not only an outstanding researcher but has also received prizes during the past year for her dedication to teaching. I am very excited about the young researchers on our Qwaqwa Campus with Aliza as one of the leaders, and I am looking forward to what else they can achieve in the next five years.”

In the past decade, Dr Le Roux focused her research on the cognitive and communicative skills of wild mammals in South Africa and Ethiopia. She spent four years as a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Michigan, leading to ground-breaking research on the cognitive and communicative underpinnings of gelada monkey behaviour. Her current work encompasses an NRF-funded project on paternal care in bat-eared foxes, and experimental research on spatial cognition in wild samango monkeys. She is also involved in discussions with the Endangered Wildlife Trust to research the mitigation of road-kill incidents in South Africa.

Dr Le Roux hopes to combine cognitive ecology with more applied conservation questions in order to raise the profile of behavioural ecology as a discipline. She believes strongly in involving the public with scientific research, and has blogged for Nature Magazine on her adventures as field biologist. Her work has since found its way into numerous websites, magazine and newspaper articles and she has been interviewed on radio and BBC World.

Dr Le Roux will be inaugurated as SAYAS member on 14 October 2014.

Dr Marieka Gryzenhout from the Department of Plant Sciences is also a member of SAYAS.


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