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11 December 2019 | Story Leonie Bolleurs
Aids read more

According to Global Statistics, there were approximately 37,9 million people across the globe with HIV/Aids in 2018. They also state that in 2018, an estimated 1,7 million individuals worldwide became newly infected with HIV. 

In the city of Masvingo, Zimbabwe, Claris Shoko is a Statistics lecturer at the Great Zimbabwe University. In her PhD thesis at the University of the Free State (UFS) in the Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, she presented the argument that the inclusion of both the CD4 cell count and the viral-load counts in the monitoring and management of HIV+ patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), is helping in reducing mortality rates, leading to improved life expectancy for HIV/Aids patients. 

She received her doctoral degree at the December UFS Graduation Ceremonies, with her thesis: Continuous-time Markov modelling of the effects of treatment regimens on HIV/Aids immunology and virology. 

CD4 cell count and viral-load count

Dr Shoko explains: “When the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the human body, the virus attacks the CD4 cells in their blood. This process damages CD4 cells, causing the number of white blood cells in the body to drop, making it difficult to fight infections.”

“Clinical markers such as CD4 cell count and viral-load count (number of HIV particles in a ml of blood) provide information about the progression of HIV/Aids in infected individuals. These markers fully define the immunology and the virology of HIV-infected individuals, thereby giving us a clear picture of how HIV/Aids evolve within an individual.”

Dr Shoko continues: “The development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has helped substantially to reduce the death rate from HIV. HAART reduces viral load-count levels, blocking replication of HIV particles in the blood, resulting in an increase of CD4 cell counts and the life expectancy of individuals infected with HIV. This has made CD4 cell counts and viral-load counts the fundamental laboratory markers that are regularly used for patient management, in addition to predicting HIV/Aids disease progression or treatment outcomes.”

In the treatment of HIV/Aids, medical practitioners prescribe combination therapy to attack the virus at different stages of its life cycle, and medication to treat the opportunistic infections that may occur. “The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to the dramatic reduction in morbidity and mortality at both individual level and population level,” states Dr Shoko.

Once HIV-positive patients are put on cART, the effectiveness of treatment is monitored after the first three months and a further follow-up is done every six months thereafter. During the monitoring stages, CD4 cell count and viral load is measured. Patients are also screened for any tuberculosis (TB) co-infection and checked for any signs of drug resistance. These variables determine whether or not there is a need for treatment change. 

She continues: “Previous studies on HIV modelling could not include both CD4 cell count and viral load in one model, because of the collinearity between the two variables. In this study, the principal component approach for the treatment of collinearity between variables is used. Both variables were then included in one model, resulting in a better prediction of mortality than when only one of the variables is used.”

“Viral-load monitoring helps in checking for any possibilities of virologic failure or viral rebound, which increases the rate of mortality if not managed properly. CD4 cell count then comes in to monitor the potential development of opportunistic infections such as TB. TB is extremely fatal, but once detected and treated, the survival of HIV/Aids patients is assured,” Dr Shoko explains.

Markov model

She applied the Markov model in her study. The model, named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, represents a general category of stochastic processes, characterised by six basic attributes: states, stages, actions, rewards, transitions, and constraints. 

According to Dr Shoko, Markov models assume that a patient is always in one of a finite number of discrete states, called Markov states. All events are modelled as transitions from one state to another. Each state is assigned a utility, and the contribution of this utility to the overall prognosis depends on the length of time spent in each state. For example, for a patient who is HIV positive, these states could be HIV+ (CD4 cell count above 200 cells/mm3), Aids (CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm3) and Dead.

“Markov models are ideal for use in HIV/Aids studies, because they estimate the rate of transition between multiple-disease states while allowing for the possible reversibility of some states,” says Dr Shoko, quoting Hubbard and Zhou.

“Relatively fewer HIV modelling studies include a detailed description of the dynamics of HIV viral load count during stages of HIV disease progression. This could be due to the unavailability of data on viral load, particularly from low- and middle-income countries that have historically relied on monitoring CD4 cell counts for patients on ART because of higher costs of viral load-count testing,” Dr Shoko concludes

News Archive

Africa and her diaspora grace the Africa Century International Writers’ Conference
2012-10-30

30 October 2012

Programme (Pdf format)

The Africa Century International African Writers’ Conference, organised by the wRite associates, in partnership with the Department of Arts and Culture, the University of the Free State (UFS) and the SABC, will take place on the Bloemfontein Campus of the UFS from 7 to 10 November 2012.This four-day conference will culminate in the 2012 South African Literary Awards ceremony where winners will be honoured.

The conference is dedicated to the memory and contribution of its special advisor and inspiration, Zwelakhe Sisulu, who passed away in October 2012.

The conference has attracted an array of scholars and artists from around the continent. The African diaspora will be one of the main features of the programme. Keynote addresses, the presentation of papers, dance, visual art, comedy, disc jockeying will all feature the Diaspora.
 
“This event will also mark the 21st anniversary of the then-OAU (now-AU) declared International African Writers’ Day (i.e. 7th November). The theme of this is: From Resistance to Creative Mediation: Celebrating a Century of Writing and Literary Intellectuals’ Influence On The Liberation Struggles & Political Impact on Literary Discourse and Development”, said Raks Morakabe Seakhoa, Managing Director of the wRite associates and Project Director of the South African Literary Awards and the Africa Century International African Writers Conference.
 
The patrons of the Africa Century International African Writers’ Conference include; Prof. Kgositsile Keorapetse, Prof. Chinua Achebe, Dr Nadine Gordimer, DrWanguiwaGoro and Dr Hugh Masekela.

“This prospective historical gathering of authors, literary scholars and historians will, as the then-OAU’s Conference of African Ministers of Education and Culture (meeting in Coutonou, Benin, in 1991) resolved, ‘…afford the African people a moment of pause within which to reflect on the contribution of African Writers to the development of the Continent’ ”,Seakhoa added.
 
He said, “We are delighted at the growth of the prestigious South African Literary Awards, as they are now spreading their wings to inaugurate the Africa Century International African Writers’ Conference and opening up to the continent and Diaspora’s writers.”
 
Other highlights of this four-day programme include:

  • An evening with the National Poet Laureate: poetry reading by Prof. Keorapetse Kgositsile and guest poets
  • Nobel Laureate, Nadine Gordimer discusses her latest work, ‘No Time Like The Present’
  • Poetry, comedy and performances
  • Creative writing skills development programme, facilitated by: Prof.KeorapetseKgositsile, Mr Walter Chakela and Dr Oswald Mtshali
  • Tsebo-Lethabo Primary and High Schools programme
  • Books, art & crafts and clothing exhibitions and more 

For more information,visit www.africacenturyconference.org or www.sala.org.za
 

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