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28 October 2019 | Story Leonie Bolleurs | Photo Anja Aucamp
Dr Brain van Soelen and Prof Pieter Meintjies
UFS scientists, Prof Pieter Meintjes and Dr Brian van Soelen, are part of the prestigious H.E.S.S. collaboration that recently published in Nature Astronomy.

Think of an object with a mass exceeding that of the Sun, squeezed into a volume of a sphere with the radius of a city like Bloemfontein. This very dense, compact object, known as a pulsar, is also a great source of energy. According to Physics Professor, Prof Pieter Meintjes, this pulsar (neutron star produced in supernova explosion) is also a key element of a recently submitted paper in Nature Astronomy.

Prof Meintjes and Dr Brian van Soelen, Senior Lecturer, both from the Department of Physics at the University of the Free State (UFS), were part of the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) collaboration of 220-plus scientists worldwide who worked on the paper Resolving the Crab pulsar wind nebula at tera-electronvolt energies, published in the prestige journal Nature Astronomy. 

According to Prof Meintjes, the fact that the paper was accepted for publication in Nature Astronomy testifies of the importance of this finding in the high-energy astrophysics community.

Powerful generators of electricity

He elaborates on the study: “The name pulsar originates from the fact that rotating neutron stars produced in supernova explosions produce beams of radiation, much like a lighthouse. Every time the beam intersects the observer’s line of sight, the observer receives a pulse of radiation.”

“As a result of this enormous mass squeezed into a small volume, these objects have the same density as that of an atomic nucleus. These objects (very dense pulsars) spin very rapidly and have enormous magnetic fields; for example, the pulsar at the centre of the Crab Nebulae spins around its axis once every 33 milliseconds (millisecond: one thousandth of a second) and possesses a magnetic field strength of the order of one tera-Gauss (tera – million x million). For comparison, the average strength of the Earth’s magnetic field is 0.5. Gauss and the magnetic field strength on the Sun ranges between 1 000 and 4 000 Gauss.”

“Because of this very super-strong rapid-spinning magnet, enormous electric fields are induced that can accelerate particles such as electrons and protons to energies in excess of one tera-electronvolt (optical light that are emitted by an ordinary lightbulb has energies of the order of one electronvolt).”

Prof Meintjes continues: “This means that these fast-rotating neutron stars are extraordinary powerful generators of electricity, which fills the surrounding cloud (supernova remnant) with super-high energy-charged particles that can produce, in turn, very high energy gamma rays through various processes such as synchrotron radiation and inverse-Compton radiation, to name a few.”

H.E.S.S. collaboration 

Above one tera-electronvolt, the gamma rays are detected by huge ground-based telescopes such as H.E.S.S., utilising the Earth’s atmosphere.

“When these high-energy gamma rays enter the atmosphere, they produce showers of super-relativistic particles that produce Cherenkov light – detected by the telescope. The technique is called the Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique (ACT).”

HESS
The High Energy Stereoscopic System. (Photo: Supplied)

“The H.E.S.S. gamma-ray collaboration is but one collaboration that has studied this source intensively over the past couple of decades or so.  Being the most powerful gamma-ray telescope facility currently operational, very careful analysis of the data managed to reveal that the gamma-ray emitting region inside the nebula is about 10 times bigger in size than the region where the x-rays are emitted within the nebula.” 

“This has solved a long-standing question as to how big the gamma-ray emitting region within these supernova remnants are, compared to the region where the x-rays, for example, originates,” says Prof Meintjes. 

Both Prof Meintjes and Dr Van Soelen are members of this prestigious H.E.S.S. collaboration. Their participation in this project, together with scientists from universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of Leicester, and the University of Bordeaux, opens up valuable research opportunities for UFS postgraduate students to enter the international stage and interact with the best scientists in the world.

They are also members of the editorial board responsible for the internal review of research papers before being submitted to more prestigious journals, for example, Nature Astronomy. Dr Van Soelen is also a coordinator of multi-wavelength follow-up observations within the H.E.S.S. collaboration. 

This is the second time that Prof Meintjes published in Nature Astronomy. Previously, he was co-author of a paper on emission from a white dwarf pulsar, showing that fast-rotating white dwarf stars could in fact mimic emission from neutron star pulsars. He developed the theoretical model reported in that paper, explaining the multi-wavelength emission from radio to X-ray energies.


News Archive

Geology researcher wins international photographic contest
2017-06-02

Description: Dr Elizaveta Kovaleva Tags: Dr Elizaveta Kovaleva

In this winning photo, “Movement of the ancient sand”,
Dr Matthew Huber, postdoctoral research fellow in the
Department of Geology at UFS, is scaling an outcrop
of sandstone (former sand dunes) in the Zion National
Park in the US.
Photo: Dr Elizaveta Kovaleva


Dr Elizaveta Kovaleva and Dr Matthew Huber, postdoctoral research fellows in the Department of Geology at the University of the Free State (UFS), attended the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly in Vienna, Austria in April 2017, where Dr Kovaleva was declared a winner of the EGU photo contest with a photograph entitled “Movement of the ancient sand”.

Submitting the winning photo
Each participant could submit up to three photos to participate in the contest before the conference. From all the photographs 10 were selected and displayed for the entire week at the assembly so participants could vote for their three favourite photos. At the end of the week three winners were selected. The prize winners received a free EGU book of their choice, free registration for next year’s EGU and an option to judge the photo competition next year. The photos will be printed on postcards next year, so all participants can send them wherever they want around the globe.

“The picture was taken in the Zion National Park in the US. Myself and Dr Huber were travelling around the western states, visiting national parks. The person in the picture is Dr Huber,” said Dr Kovaleva.

Dr Kovaleva was also invited to participate - as a recently published author - in a workshop, called: ”Publishing in EGU journals: Solid Earth and Earth Surface Dynamics – Meet the Editors”.

At the assembly, Dr Kovaleva attended sessions on Tectonics and Structural Geology as well as on Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Petrology and Volcanology. These sessions were especially interesting in the scope of her research and are directly related to it. “I am a metamorphic petrologist, and with my PhD, I essentially studied microstructures. At the moment, I am studying the Vredefort impact crater, which has experienced both metamorphism and deformation,” she said.

“The winning photos will be printed on postcards,
so all participants can send them wherever they
want around the globe”.

Building scientific connections
For both researchers, the assembly was an opportunity to meet former colleagues and professors from universities all over the world and shake hands with authors whose papers and work they were familiar with, but had never met in person.

“EGU is a perfect opportunity to build scientific connections and relationships, advertise your research and start new collaborations and projects,” said Dr Kovaleva.

The EGU General Assembly 2017 was a great success, with 4 849 oral, 11 312 poster, and 1 238 PICO presentations. Some 649 unique scientific sessions, together with 88 short courses and 322 side events, created an interesting programme. At the conference 14 496 scientists from 107 countries participated, of whom 53% were under the age of 35. Thirty one were from South Africa.

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