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28 October 2019 | Story Leonie Bolleurs | Photo Anja Aucamp
Dr Brain van Soelen and Prof Pieter Meintjies
UFS scientists, Prof Pieter Meintjes and Dr Brian van Soelen, are part of the prestigious H.E.S.S. collaboration that recently published in Nature Astronomy.

Think of an object with a mass exceeding that of the Sun, squeezed into a volume of a sphere with the radius of a city like Bloemfontein. This very dense, compact object, known as a pulsar, is also a great source of energy. According to Physics Professor, Prof Pieter Meintjes, this pulsar (neutron star produced in supernova explosion) is also a key element of a recently submitted paper in Nature Astronomy.

Prof Meintjes and Dr Brian van Soelen, Senior Lecturer, both from the Department of Physics at the University of the Free State (UFS), were part of the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) collaboration of 220-plus scientists worldwide who worked on the paper Resolving the Crab pulsar wind nebula at tera-electronvolt energies, published in the prestige journal Nature Astronomy. 

According to Prof Meintjes, the fact that the paper was accepted for publication in Nature Astronomy testifies of the importance of this finding in the high-energy astrophysics community.

Powerful generators of electricity

He elaborates on the study: “The name pulsar originates from the fact that rotating neutron stars produced in supernova explosions produce beams of radiation, much like a lighthouse. Every time the beam intersects the observer’s line of sight, the observer receives a pulse of radiation.”

“As a result of this enormous mass squeezed into a small volume, these objects have the same density as that of an atomic nucleus. These objects (very dense pulsars) spin very rapidly and have enormous magnetic fields; for example, the pulsar at the centre of the Crab Nebulae spins around its axis once every 33 milliseconds (millisecond: one thousandth of a second) and possesses a magnetic field strength of the order of one tera-Gauss (tera – million x million). For comparison, the average strength of the Earth’s magnetic field is 0.5. Gauss and the magnetic field strength on the Sun ranges between 1 000 and 4 000 Gauss.”

“Because of this very super-strong rapid-spinning magnet, enormous electric fields are induced that can accelerate particles such as electrons and protons to energies in excess of one tera-electronvolt (optical light that are emitted by an ordinary lightbulb has energies of the order of one electronvolt).”

Prof Meintjes continues: “This means that these fast-rotating neutron stars are extraordinary powerful generators of electricity, which fills the surrounding cloud (supernova remnant) with super-high energy-charged particles that can produce, in turn, very high energy gamma rays through various processes such as synchrotron radiation and inverse-Compton radiation, to name a few.”

H.E.S.S. collaboration 

Above one tera-electronvolt, the gamma rays are detected by huge ground-based telescopes such as H.E.S.S., utilising the Earth’s atmosphere.

“When these high-energy gamma rays enter the atmosphere, they produce showers of super-relativistic particles that produce Cherenkov light – detected by the telescope. The technique is called the Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique (ACT).”

HESS
The High Energy Stereoscopic System. (Photo: Supplied)

“The H.E.S.S. gamma-ray collaboration is but one collaboration that has studied this source intensively over the past couple of decades or so.  Being the most powerful gamma-ray telescope facility currently operational, very careful analysis of the data managed to reveal that the gamma-ray emitting region inside the nebula is about 10 times bigger in size than the region where the x-rays are emitted within the nebula.” 

“This has solved a long-standing question as to how big the gamma-ray emitting region within these supernova remnants are, compared to the region where the x-rays, for example, originates,” says Prof Meintjes. 

Both Prof Meintjes and Dr Van Soelen are members of this prestigious H.E.S.S. collaboration. Their participation in this project, together with scientists from universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of Leicester, and the University of Bordeaux, opens up valuable research opportunities for UFS postgraduate students to enter the international stage and interact with the best scientists in the world.

They are also members of the editorial board responsible for the internal review of research papers before being submitted to more prestigious journals, for example, Nature Astronomy. Dr Van Soelen is also a coordinator of multi-wavelength follow-up observations within the H.E.S.S. collaboration. 

This is the second time that Prof Meintjes published in Nature Astronomy. Previously, he was co-author of a paper on emission from a white dwarf pulsar, showing that fast-rotating white dwarf stars could in fact mimic emission from neutron star pulsars. He developed the theoretical model reported in that paper, explaining the multi-wavelength emission from radio to X-ray energies.


News Archive

Prof Oriel Thekisoe receives prestigious TW Kambule NRF-NSTF Award
2014-07-07

 Prof Oriel Thekisoe
Photo: Sonia Small
Prof Oriel Thekisoe from the UFS was named recipient of the prestigious TW Kambule NRF-NSTF Award. The announcement was made during the 16th Annual NSTF-BHP Billiton 2013/2014 Awards Gala Dinner held in Johannesburg on Thursday 3 July 2014.

Prof Thekisoe is an Associate Professor in the university's Department of Zoology and Entomology at the Qwaqwa Campus.

He has been recognised as an emerging researcher for his outstanding contribution to Science, Engineering and Technology (SET).

"It is a great honour for the university to learn that Prof Thekisoe has won the award of the National Science and Technology Forum. This is a very competitive award and speaks of the quality and depth of talent at the UFS as we prepare the next generation of scientists and scholars,” said Vice-Chancellor and Rector of the UFS, Prof Jonathan Jansen.

"I hope that the award will inspire our current science students to work harder in pursuing the discovery of new methods and techniques which will improve our livelihoods,” Prof Thekisoe said after receiving the award from the Minister of Science and Technology, Ms Naledi Pandor. “I am grateful to the Dean of the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Prof Neil Heideman, for believing in me. I am also grateful to my former lecturers, Profs Peter Mbati, who is now the Rector of the University of Venda, and Noboru Inoue, from Japan’s Obihiro University, for grooming and inspiring the scientist in me.”

"Prof Thekisoe is at the forefront of the research development activities at the Qwaqwa Campus,” said Prof Corli Witthuhn, Vice-Rector: Research at the UFS. “He serves as a mentor to many of the younger scholars on the campus. As one of the Vice-Chancellor's Prestige Scholars at the university, he has the potential to become one of the most prominent researchers in his field in the country."

The Vice-Chancellor’s Prestige Programme (PSP) supports the accelerated scholarship of junior UFS researchers in the first five years after obtaining their PhDs. The prestige scholars participate in an intensive programme of support that includes international placement and intensive mentorship.

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