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Postdoc research awards keep academic spotlight on Africa

17 June 2020 | Story Charlene Stanley

The International Studies Group continues to keep critical issues in Africa on the research agenda, with two of its postdoctoral research fellows awarded prestigious international research grants.

Dr Hlengiwe Dlamini won a CODESRIA (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) award as part of the organisation’s ‘Meaning-making Research Initiatives’. These initiatives focus on supporting research that contributes to agendas for imagining, planning, and creating African futures.

“I was over the moon when I heard that I received this award!” says an excited Dr Dlamini. “The competition was a tough one. Applications were received from 430 female applicants and just 12 were retained, including mine.”

Her colleague in the ISG, Dr Kundai Manamere, who recently signed a book contract with Ohio University Press, has been awarded an African Peacebuilding Network (APN) 2020 Individual Research Fellowship, administered by the American Social Science Research Council.

“I am delighted to have received this award. As an early-career scholar, this is one of my several goals, and achieving it recognises and validates my work. This boosts my confidence and encourages me to keep working hard,” says Dr Manamere.

Examining border disputes
Dr Dlamini’s research project is a comparative study of two border disputes – between Cameroon and Nigeria over the Bakassi Peninsula borderland, and between Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and South Africa over the demarcation of their borders, and how the international doctrine of uti possidetis juris, as an instrument of inter-state conflict resolution, applies to these disputes.

“The doctrine of uti possidetis juris (literally translated: as you possess, thus may you possess) states that frontiers inherited from colonialism cannot be changed under any circumstance. Cameroon won its case in the International Court of Justice in 2002 in its border dispute with Nigeria and this had a direct impact on Eswatini, which also had a border dispute with South Africa,” she explains.

“The post-apartheid South African governments have been hostile to the idea of adjusting their borders with Eswatini, while the Eswatini monarchy has relentlessly been pursuing what it calls ‘its stolen territories by the British and the Boers in the 19th century’.”

Dr Dlamini will be heading a team of four female researchers from different nationalities. As soon as international flights resume, two scholars from Canada and Sweden will head for Cameroon, while she and another researcher will start with archival research in Southern Africa, before embarking on fieldwork.

“There will be no rest for us. It is incumbent on me to assemble the data collected and use it to write two or three scholarly articles for journal publications,” says Dr Dlamini.

Migration issues and public health interventions
Dr Manamere’s research focuses on documenting the experiences of former refugees and their host communities at Chambuta refugee camp, one of the five refugee camps established by the Zimbabwean government along the Mozambican border in the 1980s to accommodate asylum seekers fleeing from the Mozambican civil war.
“The project explores their experiences and examines their perceptions about conflict, displacement, refugee conditions, and the occurrence of diseases and intervention following a disease outbreak that killed nearly 200 people in August 1992. I use the Chambuta case to reflect on the politics of voice and representation in history – how official reports by governments and non-governmental organisations overshadow the experiences of refugees and host communities.”

The COVID-19 lockdowns in both South Africa and Zimbabwe have delayed Dr Manamere’s fieldwork plans. She will now first spend time collecting information from digitised archives and doing telephonic and online interviews.

ISG a melting pot for international research talent
Both researchers expressed their appreciation for the role the ISG has played in shaping their academic careers.
“By creating opportunities for me to network with renowned historians in my field, the ISG has expanded my circle of mentors. All these opportunities culminated into several achievements, including this award, forthcoming articles in leading international journals, presentations at international conferences, and a book due to be published by the Ohio University Press, one of the leading Africanist publishers in the world. To me, this is the best foundation for a successful academic career, and I am proud to be part of the group,” says Dr Manamere.

“The ISG creates one of the most convivial environments for intellectual production. We are really flying high. The scholars of the ISG are making their mark in different ways. I am very grateful for the Stanley Trapido seminar series and other academic activities that constitute a vital crucible for the cross-fertilisation of our minds and for the acquisition of new methodologies and updates in our disciplines,” says Dr Dlamini.

Prof Ian Phimister, Head of the ISG, says the two researchers have brought great credit to the UFS and the ISG.“By winning such prestigious awards, Drs Dlamini and Manamere show themselves to be first-rate scholars. Their academic commitment and drive are exemplary. At the same time, their research projects, respectively on comparative African territorial boundary disputes and on Mozambican refugees' experiences of civil war, drought, and disease, have significant policy-making implications.”

News Archive

Inaugural lecture: Prof Robert Bragg, Dept. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology

2006-05-17

Attending the inaugural lecture were in front from the left Prof Robert Bragg (lecturer at the Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology) and Frederick Fourie (Rector and Vice-Chancellor). At the back from the left were Prof James du Preez (Departmental Chairperson: Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology) and Prof Herman van Schalkwyk (Dean: Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences). Photo: Stephen Collett

A summary of an inaugural lecture delivered by Prof Robert Bragg at the University of the Free State:

CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN DISEASES – LESSONS FOR MAN?

Prof Robert R Bragg
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
University of the Free State

“Many of the lessons learnt in disease control in poultry will have application on human medicine,” said Prof Robert Bragg, lecturer at the University of the Free State’s (UFS) Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology during his inaugural lecture.

Prof Bragg said the development of vaccines remains the main stay of disease control in humans as well as in avian species. Disease control can not rely on vaccination alone and other disease-control options must be examined.

“With the increasing problems of antibiotic resistance, the use of disinfection and bio security are becoming more important,” he said.

“Avian influenza (AI) is an example of a disease which can spread from birds to humans. Hopefully this virus will not develop human to human transmission,” said Prof Bragg.

According to Prof Bragg, South Africa is not on the migration route of water birds, which are the main transmitters of AI. “This makes South Africa one of the countries less likely to get the disease,” he said.

If the AI virus does develop human to human transmission, it could make the 1918 flu pandemic pale into insignificance. During the 1918 flu pandemic, the virus had a mortality rate of only 3%, yet more than 50 million people died.

Although the AI virus has not developed human-to-human transmission, all human cases have been related to direct contact with infected birds. The mortality rate in humans who have contracted this virus is 67%.

“Apart from the obvious fears for the human population, this virus is a very serious poultry pathogen and can cause 100% mortality in poultry populations. Poultry meat and egg production is the staple protein source in most countries around the world. The virus is currently devastating the poultry industry world-wide,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg’s research activities on avian diseases started off with the investigation of diseases in poultry. “The average life cycle of a broiler chicken is 42 days. After this short time, they are slaughtered. As a result of the short generation time in poultry, one can observe changes in microbial populations as a result of the use of vaccines, antibiotics and disinfectants,” said Prof Bragg.

“Much of my research effort has been directed towards the control of infectious coryza in layers, which is caused by the bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum. This disease is a type of sinusitis in the layer chickens and can cause a drop in egg product of up to 40%,” said Prof Bragg.

The vaccines used around the world in an attempt to control this disease are all inactivated vaccines. One of the most important points is the selection of the correct strains of the bacterium to use in the vaccine.

Prof Bragg established that in South Africa, there are four different serovars of the bacterium and one of these, the serovar C-3 strain, was believed to be unique to Southern Africa. He also recently discovered this serovar for the first time in Israel, thus indicating that this serovar might have a wider distribution than originally believed.

Vaccines used in this country did not contain this serovar. Prof Bragg established that the long term use of vaccines not containing the local South African strain resulted in a shift in the population distribution of the pathogen.

Prof Bragg’s research activities also include disease control in parrots and pigeons. “One of the main research projects in my group is on the disease in parrots caused by the circovirus Beak and Feather Disease virus. This virus causes serious problems in the parrot breeding industry in this country. This virus is also threatening the highly endangered and endemic Cape Parrot,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg’s research group is currently working on the development of a DNA vaccine which will assist in the control of the disease, not only in the parrot breeding industry, but also to help the highly endangered Cape Parrot in its battle for survival.

“Not all of our research efforts are directed towards infectious coryza or the Beak and Feather Disease virus. One of my Masters students is currently investigating the cell receptors involved in the binding of Newcastle Disease virus to cancerous cells and normal cells of humans. This work will also eventually lead to a possible treatment of cancer in humans and will assist with the development of a recombinant vaccine for Newcastle disease virus,” said Prof Bragg.

We are also currently investigating an “unknown” virus which causes disease problems in poultry in the Western Cape,” said Prof Bragg.

“Although disinfection has been extensively used in the poultry industry, it has only been done at the pre-placement stage. In other words, disinfectants are used before the birds are placed into the house. Once the birds are placed, all use of disinfectants stops,” said Prof Bragg.

“Disinfection and bio security can be seen as the ‘Cinderella’ of disease control in poultry. This is also true for human medicine. One just has to look at the high numbers of people who die from hospital-acquired infections to realise that disinfection is not a concept which is really clear in human health care,” said Prof Bragg.

Much research has been done in the control of diseases through vaccination and through the use of antibiotics. “These pillars of disease control are, however, starting to crumble and more effort is needed on disinfection and bio security,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg has been working in close co-operation with a chemical manufacturing company in Stellenbosch to develop a unique disinfectant which his highly effective yet not toxic to the birds.

As a result of this unique product, he has developed the continual disinfection program for use in poultry. In this program the disinfectant is used throughout the production cycle of the birds. It is also used to ensure that there is excellent pre-placement disinfection.

“The program is extensively used for the control of infectious diseases in the parrot-breeding industry in South Africa and the product has been registered in 15 countries around the world with registration in the USA in the final process,” said Prof Bragg.

“Although the problem of plasmid mediated resistance to disinfectants is starting to rear its ugly head, this has allowed for the opening of a new research field which my group will hopefully exploit in the near future,” he said.

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