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Why midwifery should be in the hands of trained midwives

20 December 2021 | Story Elsabé Brits

Dr Elgonda Bekker, from the University of the Free State (UFS), completed her doctoral degree in nursing in 2020, with a practical, transformative thesis to improve the education of midwives in the country.

Midwives who are properly trained and acknowledged for their skill and experience do not only save lives but make a huge contribution to maternal health in South Africa. However, there is a dire need for professional midwives and competent educators.

Dr Elgonda Bekker, from the University of the Free State (UFS), completed her doctoral degree in nursing in 2020, with the title: Competencies of South African midwifery educators: a transformative framework. It is a practical, transformative thesis to improve the education of midwives in the country. Sadly, just months after she received her degree she passed away. Yet, her colleagues at the School of Nursing at the UFS continue to build on the foundation she laid.

Too much too soon, too little too late

The World Health Organisation (WHO) states that 10-15% of births may need intervention through caesarean section. A recent analysis, however, found that private hospitals had a caesarean section rate of 73.6%, compared to 26% in the public sector.

Although the public sector rate is higher than the WHO target, the private sector rate is not justifiable, Bekker writes. The case fatality rate for mothers who died after a caesarean section had been performed showed an increase. That is one of the statements indicating that not all medical interventions are of benefit to mothers.

A focus on too much too soon or too little too late in the Lancet series on midwifery of 2014 indicated the need for better-quality care. In South Africa both manifest because of the disparity between private and public healthcare. According to Bekker’s research, the high caesarean section rate in the private sector is a classic example of over-medicalisation of obstetric care, whereas the public healthcare system follows a midwifery-led model of care.

“Midwives are a vital solution to correct this disparity. Competent midwives, educated to standards, can prevent interventions without indication, provide service in rural settings and advocate for the rights of the childbearing family,” she wrote.

Midwifery is a disempowered profession

Winnie Moroa Motlolometsi, a midwifery educator, explains that professional nurses in the country have a dual registration with the South African Nursing Council as a nurse-midwife. This leads to many qualified midwives not necessarily practising as midwives. It is therefore very difficult to calculate the number of practising midwives.

Furthermore, the conflation of nursing and midwifery requires training as a generalist practitioner. Depending on the institution where they are trained, professional nurses may or may not comply with the International Confederation of Midwives’ Global Standards for education and regulation of the midwifery profession.

Nevertheless, according to Dr Bekker’s research, midwifery is a disempowered profession, because the global guiding documents are neither considered by the regulatory authority nor the National Department of Health. There is a triple gap for competencies, coverage, and access:

Insufficient numbers of competent midwives
.. who can cover maternal health services

…who render services that address the needs of women

There is a dire need for competent midwives in the country, but the predicament is that whilst midwifery educators are qualified, they are not necessarily clinical specialists, which ultimately jeopardises the quality of maternal healthcare.

What was also clear from Bekker’s research is that although South Africa has a progressive constitution, gender equality has not materialised on grassroots level. Violence is ever present. Women are viewed as weaker, vulnerable, and less suited for the workplace. Nonconformity to sexual gender norms, based on cultural or religious bias, creates conflict for some women.

Dr Deidre van Jaarsveldt, senior lecturer in the School of Nursing at the UFS, said Bekker’s study highlighted that feminism is a strengthening agency for women. In this study it was important to frame the context of midwifery as a disempowered, woman-led profession, caring for women who are still finding themselves in a society where there is gender inequality.

The research indicated that there were many challenges:

Lack of autonomy for midwives
Non-compliance with the global midwifery standards
Conflation of nursing and midwifery
Midwifery regulated by non-midwives
Lack of direct entry into midwifery education in the country

High litigation in maternal and child healthcare – there is fearfulness among practitioners and reluctance to work within the midwifery profession

In practice it is difficult to distinguish midwifery specialists from nurses who are practising as generalists and are expected to offer maternal healthcare services. If something goes wrong, the midwifery profession is held accountable, but practising midwives were not necessarily involved.

Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Hub

There is a dire need for midwifery to become an autonomous profession guided by global standards. Membership should be based on advanced qualifications, which strengthen midwifery as a speciality. This can only be attained through education and maintained by a regulatory body, as well as the de-conflation of midwifery from nursing. When this happens, midwives will know who the actual midwives are and be able to hold one another accountable, Motlolometsi adds.

Dr Bekker advocated for the “decolonising” of midwifery, which means restoring the knowledge to the profession. To allow midwives to receive quality education, midwifery should become an independent profession that is guided by global standards and regulated by midwives.

Van Jaarsveldt says the School of Nursing at the UFS endeavours to offer quality midwifery education. Students learn in a high-tech simulated learning environment where they can become competent before working with actual mothers and babies. The educators are clinical experts, supported by a team of midwifery practitioners who act as preceptors for the students.

Before her untimely death, Dr Bekker started establishing a Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Hub in the Faculty of Health Sciences, which is continuing under the leadership of Dr Cynthia Spies, supported by a team of interprofessional experts.

“Through research and continuous improvement of education and practice, this group of professionals envisions optimising and strengthening reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health competencies so that current maternal and child morbidity and mortality trends can improve resulting in surviving and thriving childrearing families.

“The goal is to develop partnerships and opportunities for collaboration and research with colleagues in healthcare disciplines and to extend beyond healthcare to include innovative interdisciplinary partnerships,” says Spies. The objectives include:

Practice development with implementation of evidence-based practice and positive experience of the childbirth and child health continuum;
Clinical competency development through training and the development of short learning programmes;
Clinical research that addresses the current reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health mortality, morbidity and health issues in central South Africa.

News Archive

Shack study holds research and social upliftment opportunities

2015-02-10

Photo: Stephen Collett

When Prof Basie Verster, retired head of the Department of Quantity Surveying at the University of the Free State (UFS), initiated an alternative form of housing for Johannes - one of his employees - a decision was made to base research on this initiative. This research project in Grasslands, Heidedal focused on the cost and energy efficiency of green and/or sustainable shacks.

Esti Jacobs from the Department of Quantity Surveying, together with an honours student in Quantity Surveying, a master’s student in Architecture, and young professionals at Verster Berry, helped with the project.

The physical goals of the project were to create a structure that is environmentally friendly, and maintains a comfortable interior climate in winter and summer, as well as being cost-effective to erect. The structure also had to be socially acceptable to the family and the community.

“The intention was to make a positive contribution to the community and to initiate social upliftment through this project. Structures such as the ‘green shack’ may serve as an intermediate step to future housing possibilities, since these structures are relatively primitive, but have economic value and could be marketable,” she said.

Esti explains the structure of the building, which consists of gum poles and South African pine bearers, with a timber roof and internal cement block flooring. The building is clad with corrugated iron and has a corrugated iron roof finish. Additional green elements added to the structure were internal Nutec cladding, glasswool insulation in walls, internal gypsum ceiling boards with ‘Think Pink’ insulation, internal dividing wall and door, polystyrene in the floors, and tint on the windows. A small solar panel for limited electricity use (one or two lights and electricity to charge a cellphone) and a Jojo water tank for household consumption by the inhabitants were also installed.

Esti said: “Phase one of the research has been completed. This phase consisted of an investigation into the cost of an alternative form of housing structure (comparing traditional shacks with the planned structure) as well as the construction process of the physical housing structure.

“Phase two of the research, commencing in February 2015, will last for two to three years. This phase will include the installation of temperature and relative humidity logging devices inside the existing traditional shack and the new green shack. The logs will be regularly monitored by the UFS Department of Quantity Surveying and Construction Management.

These data will enable the researchers to measure the differences in comfort levels inside the two different structures. The data, together with other information such as building materials and methods, are then processed by software programs. Through the simulation of different environments, building materials, and alternate forms of energy, software models can be used to come up with conclusions regarding more energy-friendly building materials and methods. This knowledge can be used to improve comfort levels within smaller, low-cost housing units.

The UFS will be working with Prof Jeff Ramsdell of the Appalachian State University in the USA and his team on the second phase of the project.

“This research project is ongoing and will be completed only in a few years’ time,” said Esti.

The results of the research will be published in accredited journals or at international conferences.

For more information or enquiries contact news@ufs.ac.za.

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