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20 January 2021 | Story Elsabe Brits | Photo SADC-GMI
Dr Eelco Lukas, a geohydrologist, is the Director of the Institute for Groundwater Studies at the University of the Free State (UFS).

Nearly two-thirds of South Africa depends solely or partially on groundwater for domestic needs, and in a water-stressed country this source is becoming increasingly important. But we need to use it wisely.

Dr Eelco Lukas, a geohydrologist, is the Director of the Institute for Groundwater Studies at the University of the Free State (UFS). He explains that all the natural water found in the earth’s subsurface is called groundwater. “When we look hard enough, we can find groundwater almost everywhere.  But that does not mean that we can start pumping groundwater at any location.  In many places, the amount of groundwater available (yield) is so little, or the water so deep that it is not financially viable to pump it.  Another problem might be the quality of the water.”

Numerous towns and communities depend solely on groundwater and many towns use a combined supply of surface and groundwater. When the town or settlement is far from any surface water and groundwater is available, boreholes are drilled. Depending on the size of the settlement, the boreholes are equipped with electrical or hand pumps.

Most of the big cities use surface water in their water pipes. Almost all big cities worldwide are located close to a supply of freshwater.  Cape Town has drilled many boreholes in the past two years to augment the city’s water supply.  However, problems can arise when a borehole is drilled for a community with a certain number of people, and soon there are more people than the borehole can supply for. It is not so much a case of the ‘borehole drying up’ but that the capacity has been exceeded.

Misconceptions about groundwater

With increasing drought and water restrictions being imposed, many people opted for their own borehole. When so many people draw water from the same source, the water table will drop. It can be compared to drinking a milkshake, but when five other people also drink with straws from the same milkshake, all will be left thirsty. 

Dr Lukas says because groundwater is something that cannot be seen with the naked eye, the general public has many misconceptions about groundwater. Some people think that you can drill a hole just anywhere and that you will find water, while others believe that water flows in underground rivers. It generally moves very slowly, only a few metres per year. And if it rains in a specific place, it does not mean that water will reach a particular borehole.

“Sustainable groundwater usage is the certainty that enough groundwater is available in years to come.  Sustainability is dependent on two external factors, namely demand and supply.  Unfortunately, both these factors are beyond the control of the geohydrologist.  When enough water is available for a community, the chances are that the community starts to grow, thereby enlarging the demand.  If the higher demand cannot be met, sustainability is no longer possible. When a change in rainfall pattern results in a decline of the precipitation, the groundwater recharge will become less, resulting in a lower supply of water.”


How does water move?

Groundwater moves through openings in the subsurface. These openings can be large (a millimetre to a few centimetres), but most of the time they are small, only a fraction of a millimetre. These are called pore spaces.  Water can only move through the pores if the pores are connected to other pores. The ease with which water can move through the rock is called hydraulic conductivity and is expressed in volume per area per time.  

Dr Lukas explains that different types of rock have different sizes of pore openings. The speed at which water can move through unconsolidated materials ranges from 1 000 m/d (gravel) to 10-8 m/d (clay). Consolidated materials range from 1 000 m/d (highly fractured rock) to 10-7 m/d (shale).  Sandstone, a rock that occurs in abundance in South Africa, has a typical hydraulic conductivity of 10-2 m/d, meaning that the speed at which the water flows is around 1 cm/d, which is less than 4 metres per year.  

In a way, you can compare groundwater flow to a pipe filled with marbles.  If you remove one marble at the one side, a marble may enter the pipe on the other side.  Although it may take the marble a long time to reach the other side of the pipe, the movement of the marbles is noticed almost immediately, says Dr Lukas.

Before groundwater is used, experts must make sure that it is suitable, Dr Lukas says. This is one of the areas that the Institute of Groundwater Studies at the UFS excels in. The institute also provides a complete service to industries through field investigations, the development of specialised field equipment, a well-equipped commercial and water research laboratory, and a number of computer models for the management of the aquifers, protecting them from pollution.

There are different standards for different purposes.  The best-known standard is the drinking 
water standard (SANS 241).  The water is tested for microbiology, as well as for the physical, aesthetic, operational and chemical determinants, and for the taste and colour.

There are several geophysical methods to locate groundwater.  “It must be stressed that the geophysical methods do not actually indicate places with water, but rather places where the geology and geological features support the presence of groundwater,” he says.

Different techniques are used to ‘look’ at different depths.   Water found close to the surface (upper 20 m) is often young water, meaning that it has been recharged not too long ago.  Because it is so close to the surface, it is vulnerable to contamination.   Deeper water is probably a bit older and because it is farther below the surface, it is more protected against surface contamination and the quality of this water is generally good.  Really deep groundwater (> 200 metres deep) will be even older and may have elevated salt content due to the long residence time of the water.

How much groundwater do we have?

Groundwater is a significant source of water, and in some parts of the country the only source of potable water.  According to the Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation, the most recent estimate of sustainable potential yield of groundwater resources at high assurance is 7 500 million m³/a, while current groundwater use is estimated at around 2 000 million m³/a. Allowing for an underestimation on groundwater use, about 3 500 million m³/a could be available for further development.  Unfortunately, if there is a shortage of water on one side of the country, it cannot be supplemented with water from the other side.
 
With a drought, the amount of water falling from the sky is below average, which means that the available water to recharge is also less. With less recharge water, the groundwater levels will decline.  To make things worse during a drought, groundwater users will pump more water to make up the deficit in rainfall, thereby accelerating the drop in water levels.

“Groundwater can be used to help humanity. The pore space in aquifers can be used to store water during a wet period, to be used later during a drought. This is called water banking, where water is injected into the aquifers (artificial recharge) during a period when there is enough water and pumped from the same aquifer during a period of water shortage,” says Dr Lukas. 

News Archive

Rag 2005
2005-01-20

20 January
Thursday

08:00-12:00 Rag Workshop - Westblock 202

Workshops are held to introduce the First Year
students to the work that is done by Rag & Kovsco
and the importance of their social responsibility towards their community.

10:30-11:30 Lettie Fouchè

The Central Rag committee visits and treats the children of Lettie Fouchè School.

Evening Collections - Mochacos, Waterfront

First years work hard to raise money via door
to door collections in the neighbourhoods of
Bloemfontein for charity. First years dress-up as
chickens and prizes can be won every night.


21 January
Friday

08:00-12:00 Rag Workshop - Westblock 202

Workshops are held to introduce the First Year
students to the work that is done by Rag & Kovsco
and the importance of their social responsibility towards their community.


22 January
Saturday

08:30 for 09:00 Ladies Tea
in conjunction with Sarie
co-sponsored by Audi & Pick’nPay Hypermarket

An enjoyable morning where the ladies of Bloemfontein and surrounding areas are treated with beautiful
layed tea tables and guest artists. The host of every table participate in a competition and prize winners for the most beautiful tables are announced. The guest artist for Ladies Tea 2005 is Nataniel.


24 January
Monday Evening Collections - Mochachos, Waterfront

First years work hard to raise money via door to door collections in the neighbourhoods of Bloemfontein for charity. First years dress-up as chickens and prizes can be won every night.

25 January
Tuesday
08:30-16:00 MGD Coronation Ball tickets for sale
29 January 2005
Sand du Plessis Theatre
R260 per couple

The prestige evening of Kovsie Rag filled with
great music, sound and a vibrant show. The MGD
Rag Queen and her princesses are crowned and Rag
also makes use of this opportunity thank its
sponsors.

16:00 Vote for Rag Finalists at men’s hostels float-
building areas

Students have the opportunity to vote for their
favourite Rag finalists at the float building areas.

17:00-22:00 Evening Collections - Mochachos, Waterfront

First years work hard to raise money via door
to door collections in the neighbourhoods of
Bloemfontein for charity. First years dress-up as
chickens and prizes can be won every night.


26 January
Wednesday

22:00 MGD Rag Finalist Mass - Scholtz Hall

An exciting mass is held for the students to introduce
the 10 beautiful Rag finalists.

27 January
Thursday

08:00 Ritsim Launch - City Lodge

Ritsim 2005 is launched and introduced to the
UFS Top Management and the sponsors.

09:00-16:00 Campus vote for MGD Rag Finalists at various
voting stations.

Various voting stations are placed on campus for the students to vote for their favourite MGD Rag finalists.

Voting stations: Callie Human; Soetdoring Cafeteria; Library; Medical Cafeteria and at the Thakaneng Bridge.

17:00-22:00 Evening Collections - Mochachos, Waterfront

First years collect money for charity


28 January
Friday Ritsim Bloemfontein City Sales

6:30 Brace your self for the students around every corner
on the streets of Bloemfontein. Support Kovsie RAG
and buy a Ritsim 2005 magazine.
R10 per copy

16:00-22:00 Potjiekos - Vodacom & Tiger Brands
(Unite for Hunger)
Coca Cola Fortune & ABSA

Students enjoy a great evening of potjiekos and try their best to persuade the judges that their potjiekos is the best. Music and entertainment is organized.

29 January
Saturday

05:00 Ritsim Rural Town Sales

The students drive off into the country to sell the Ritsim magazines in various towns. R10 per copy.


18:00 for 18:30 MGD Coronation Ball
Sand du Plessis Theatre
R260 per couple

The crowning of the RAG Queen is a spectacular
evening not to be missed. It is an evening filled with
vibrant music and colour and you will also be treated
with a great show. Kovsie Rag also thanks its
sponsors on this prestige evening.


30 January
Monday

13:00-14:00 Sent placing - Thakaneng Bridge

Come and donate your change and it place it on a letter of a hostel of your choice.


5 February
Saturday

08:00-10:00 ENGEN RAG Procession

Proud Kovsie students have worked very hard on their floats and can’t wait for this day. Please come and enjoy a great day with Kovsie RAG and your family.

Procession Route: The Procession starts at the Kovsie Church. The procession proceeds in Nelson Mandela Drive and turn right into Markgraaff street. We then turn right into Kingsway and stop in front of the stage at the Art Market. Prof. Fourie introduces a toast on Rag 2005 and enjoys a glass of champagne with our
beautiful Rag Queen and her princesses.

Please support the first years in put your change into their collection tins.

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