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Two UFS academics ranked top 50 in Social Sciences and Humanities in SA

06 July 2023 | Story Gerda-Marié van Rooyen | Photo Supplied

Prof Ivan Turok and Prof Melanie Walker.

Two of the University of the Free State (UFS) SARChI Research Chairs have been included in the 2nd edition of Research.com ranking of the best scholars in the field of Social Sciences and Humanities.

Prof Melanie Walker from the UFS Higher Education and Human Development research group and SARChI Chair: Higher Education and Human Development, and Prof Ivan Turok, from the South African National Research Foundation, who hold the Research Chair in Strengthening Urban Economies: People, Place, Production and Policy, are ranked 41^st (ranked 5 286 in the world) and 20^th(2 825) in South Africa respectively.

According to the Research.com website, the best scientists ranking is a credible list of leading scientists from the field of Social Sciences and Humanities, established by means of a meticulous analysis of 166 880 scholars determined from multiple bibliometric data sources. For this discipline, as many as 15 317 researchers were analysed and their position in the ranking is based on a researcher’s D-index (Discipline H-index), which only includes papers and citation values for an examined discipline.

The success of a community

As a SARChI Chair in Strengthening Urban Economies: People, Place, Production, and Policy, Prof Turok explores how cities can drive economic growth and foster inclusive development in South Africa. His research analyses the factors contributing to the success of certain cities over others and identifies policies and practices that can enhance conditions for citizens and communities

He says this “pleasant surprise” (being ranked 20^th in South Africa in the field of Social Sciences and Humanities) follows years of scientific work and writing.

“Research has also been a labour of love and rewarding in itself. It has fuelled my natural curiosity for learning more about the world, and I have had opportunities to visit places and meet people I would never have had otherwise,” says Prof Turok.

What it takes to be a researcher

Although one can learn the required skills and capabilities to be a good researcher, Prof Turok says having a natural yearning for knowledge and an intrinsic curiosity about the real world is helpful to have a long research career. “Careful mentoring and sound teachers are vital to become an effective researcher.”

He firmly believes research should be relevant to the society in which it is located – especially in a developing country like South Africa.

He continues by saying: “It should shed light on and help to understand the major problems and opportunities facing society, using the tools and techniques available to that particular discipline.” This honoured researcher says researchers should inform societies using simple terms and engage in discussions on matters it faces.

“Researchers should be outward-looking and interact constructively with policy-makers and practitioners to improve public policy while maintaining a healthy dose of scepticism about the intentions of the political elite and other powerful interests.”

When analysing the reasons behind varying levels of economic growth and inclusive development among cities, it is crucial to consider a diverse range of indicators. “Relying solely on a few narrow indicators can be misleading," says Prof Turok.

Indicators to take into consideration include: The economic productivity of the city (output per person) and the average income level, the level of employment in relation to the working-age population, which enables individuals to support themselves and their families financially, and the level of investment, which determines future growth, employment, and income levels.

The value of research

Prof Turok suggests that the government could play a significant role in strengthening urban economies and reducing inequalities by devolving more powers and resources to metropolitan municipalities as the effective coordination of housing and transportation investments is crucial for achieving economic growth and social inclusion in cities. He also recommends aligning the programmes and investment projects of provincial authorities and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) with those of the metropolitan areas.

“Currently, there is a disconnect between the activities of many SOEs and the interests of cities. For example, there is a considerable amount of vacant and underused land in well-located urban areas owned by SOEs, which they refuse to transfer to metros for housing purposes (highlighting the relevance of land reform in cities). Another example is the Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs), which operate in silos and do not align their training programmes with the needs of employers in cities,” explains Turok.

Being an internationally recognised expert in his field, Prof. Turok is regularly asked to advise esteemed organisations such as the United Nations and the African Development Bank. Prof. Turok, a former finalist for the National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF) Lifetime Achievement Award in 2021, will serve in this significant role until 2025.

Focusing on Education

Prof Walker, a distinguished scholar in the field of education sciences with an A1 rating from the National Research Foundation (NRF) – which funds SARChI – focuses on the profound impact of apartheid on education and civic life. She concentrates on (higher) education, primarily in the Global South, and addresses the intersecting research and practice challenges of decolonisation, methodology, inequalities, and justice.

This former professor of Higher Education at the University of Nottingham currently holds the esteemed position of UFS Distinguished Professor. She has supervised the production of 23 doctoral theses on higher education and human development since 2016. Additionally, she has delivered numerous keynote speeches worldwide and is an acclaimed author of books and journal articles within her area of expertise.

PHOTO

Left: Prof Ivan Turok, from the South African National Research Foundation, who holds the Research Chair in Strengthening Urban Economies: People, Place, Production and Policy, is ranked 20th (2 825) in South Africa respectively.

Right: Prof Melanie Walker, SARChI Chair: Higher Education and Human Development, is ranked 41st (ranked 5 286 in the world) in the 2nd edition of Research.com ranking of the best scholars in the field of Social Sciences and Humanities.

News Archive

Inaugural lecture: Prof Robert Bragg, Dept. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology

2006-05-17

Attending the inaugural lecture were in front from the left Prof Robert Bragg (lecturer at the Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology) and Frederick Fourie (Rector and Vice-Chancellor). At the back from the left were Prof James du Preez (Departmental Chairperson: Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology) and Prof Herman van Schalkwyk (Dean: Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences). Photo: Stephen Collett

A summary of an inaugural lecture delivered by Prof Robert Bragg at the University of the Free State:

CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN DISEASES – LESSONS FOR MAN?

Prof Robert R Bragg
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
University of the Free State

“Many of the lessons learnt in disease control in poultry will have application on human medicine,” said Prof Robert Bragg, lecturer at the University of the Free State’s (UFS) Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology during his inaugural lecture.

Prof Bragg said the development of vaccines remains the main stay of disease control in humans as well as in avian species. Disease control can not rely on vaccination alone and other disease-control options must be examined.

“With the increasing problems of antibiotic resistance, the use of disinfection and bio security are becoming more important,” he said.

“Avian influenza (AI) is an example of a disease which can spread from birds to humans. Hopefully this virus will not develop human to human transmission,” said Prof Bragg.

According to Prof Bragg, South Africa is not on the migration route of water birds, which are the main transmitters of AI. “This makes South Africa one of the countries less likely to get the disease,” he said.

If the AI virus does develop human to human transmission, it could make the 1918 flu pandemic pale into insignificance. During the 1918 flu pandemic, the virus had a mortality rate of only 3%, yet more than 50 million people died.

Although the AI virus has not developed human-to-human transmission, all human cases have been related to direct contact with infected birds. The mortality rate in humans who have contracted this virus is 67%.

“Apart from the obvious fears for the human population, this virus is a very serious poultry pathogen and can cause 100% mortality in poultry populations. Poultry meat and egg production is the staple protein source in most countries around the world. The virus is currently devastating the poultry industry world-wide,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg’s research activities on avian diseases started off with the investigation of diseases in poultry. “The average life cycle of a broiler chicken is 42 days. After this short time, they are slaughtered. As a result of the short generation time in poultry, one can observe changes in microbial populations as a result of the use of vaccines, antibiotics and disinfectants,” said Prof Bragg.

“Much of my research effort has been directed towards the control of infectious coryza in layers, which is caused by the bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum. This disease is a type of sinusitis in the layer chickens and can cause a drop in egg product of up to 40%,” said Prof Bragg.

The vaccines used around the world in an attempt to control this disease are all inactivated vaccines. One of the most important points is the selection of the correct strains of the bacterium to use in the vaccine.

Prof Bragg established that in South Africa, there are four different serovars of the bacterium and one of these, the serovar C-3 strain, was believed to be unique to Southern Africa. He also recently discovered this serovar for the first time in Israel, thus indicating that this serovar might have a wider distribution than originally believed.

Vaccines used in this country did not contain this serovar. Prof Bragg established that the long term use of vaccines not containing the local South African strain resulted in a shift in the population distribution of the pathogen.

Prof Bragg’s research activities also include disease control in parrots and pigeons. “One of the main research projects in my group is on the disease in parrots caused by the circovirus Beak and Feather Disease virus. This virus causes serious problems in the parrot breeding industry in this country. This virus is also threatening the highly endangered and endemic Cape Parrot,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg’s research group is currently working on the development of a DNA vaccine which will assist in the control of the disease, not only in the parrot breeding industry, but also to help the highly endangered Cape Parrot in its battle for survival.

“Not all of our research efforts are directed towards infectious coryza or the Beak and Feather Disease virus. One of my Masters students is currently investigating the cell receptors involved in the binding of Newcastle Disease virus to cancerous cells and normal cells of humans. This work will also eventually lead to a possible treatment of cancer in humans and will assist with the development of a recombinant vaccine for Newcastle disease virus,” said Prof Bragg.

We are also currently investigating an “unknown” virus which causes disease problems in poultry in the Western Cape,” said Prof Bragg.

“Although disinfection has been extensively used in the poultry industry, it has only been done at the pre-placement stage. In other words, disinfectants are used before the birds are placed into the house. Once the birds are placed, all use of disinfectants stops,” said Prof Bragg.

“Disinfection and bio security can be seen as the ‘Cinderella’ of disease control in poultry. This is also true for human medicine. One just has to look at the high numbers of people who die from hospital-acquired infections to realise that disinfection is not a concept which is really clear in human health care,” said Prof Bragg.

Much research has been done in the control of diseases through vaccination and through the use of antibiotics. “These pillars of disease control are, however, starting to crumble and more effort is needed on disinfection and bio security,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg has been working in close co-operation with a chemical manufacturing company in Stellenbosch to develop a unique disinfectant which his highly effective yet not toxic to the birds.

As a result of this unique product, he has developed the continual disinfection program for use in poultry. In this program the disinfectant is used throughout the production cycle of the birds. It is also used to ensure that there is excellent pre-placement disinfection.

“The program is extensively used for the control of infectious diseases in the parrot-breeding industry in South Africa and the product has been registered in 15 countries around the world with registration in the USA in the final process,” said Prof Bragg.

“Although the problem of plasmid mediated resistance to disinfectants is starting to rear its ugly head, this has allowed for the opening of a new research field which my group will hopefully exploit in the near future,” he said.

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