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12 June 2023 | Story André Damons | Photo Sonia Small
Prof Carolina Pohl-Albertyn
Prof Carlien Pohl-Albertyn, National Research Forum (NRF) SARChI Research Chair in Pathogenic Yeasts, leads the research team that is working on various research projects relating to fungi casing yeast.

Fungal infections affect more than one billion people each year, of which more than 150 million cases are severe and life-threatening, causing 1.7 million deaths a year. In South Africa it is estimated that diseases caused by fungal infections total more than three million cases a year. These figures are especially shocking given that prior to 1980, fungal infections were not a major health problem. The WHO has recently published a list of priority pathogens in which fungi are classified in critical, high- and medium- priority groups. Candida species are found in all three levels and Cryptococcus species in critical and medium groups,” says Prof Pohl-Albertyn.

It is for these reasons that researchers in the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry at the University of the Free State (UFS) are working on various research projects investigating new treatment options beyond the established antifungals. Prof Carlien Pohl-Albertyn, National Research Forum (NRF) SARChI Research Chair in Pathogenic Yeasts, leads the team that is working on various research projects relating to fungi casing yeast.

Multidrug-resistant yeast

One of the yeasts being researched is Candida auris – a multidrug-resistant yeast that can cause severe infections in humans, particularly in people who are hospitalised or have weakened immune systems. C. auris was first identified in 2009 in Japan and has since been reported in over 49 countries.

According to Prof Pohl-Albertyn, C. auris is of concern because it is often resistant to multiple antifungal drugs, making it difficult to treat. In addition, it can survive on surfaces in healthcare settings, which can contribute to its spread between patients, causing outbreaks in hospitals. “Due to its multidrug resistance and potential for transmission, C. auris has been designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a serious global health threat and listed as the second most critical fungal pathogen in the World Health Organisation (WHO) fungal critical priority group.

C. auris possesses virulence factors such as increased thermotolerance, high salinity tolerance, biofilm formation, and extra cellular enzyme secretion, which are the major contributing factors to its multidrug resistance profile and virulence. Even though C. auris has a variety of virulence factors that it employs against its human host to develop an infection, its virulence mechanisms remain unclear,” says Prof Pohl-Albertyn.

Therefore, several research projects investigate this pathogenic yeast. All of them started with the development of CRISP-Cas9 gene editing tools for this yeast, in order to be able to delete specific genes in this yeast to study their roles. These tools are also constantly being improved for greater efficiency by students under the supervision of Prof Koos Albertyn. Two current projects deal with the function of specific secreted enzymes in the virulence of C. auris.

Environmental yeast

Another yeast being researched, under the supervision of Prof Olihile Sebolai, is Cryptococcus neoformans, an environmental yeast found in trees and soil contaminated with bird droppings. Moreover, it can be airborne and when inhaled it lodges in the lungs (in alveoli) and can cause primary lung infection, explains Prof Pohl-Albertyn.

Cryptococcus neoformans causes AIDS-defining illnesses in people living with HIV/AIDS. To the point, it was not surprising when the WHO declared it as the first critical fungal pathogen of concern. Dissemination to other organs has been reported where it crosses the epithelium barrier by secreting proteases (a class of enzymes that break down proteins in the host) that compromise the tight junctions between the epithelial cells.

The current projects investigate the interaction between the proteases secreted by C. neoformans and co-infecting viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is activated by proteases in the host and proteases also help the influenza virus to enter and infect the host cells. Since the host proteases are similar to those secreted by C. neoformans, these projects are focused on determining if the yeast proteases can also help the viruses to cause infection. This project is also extended to study Candida albicans proteases as this is also a common co-infecting yeast in COVID-19 patients (for more detail on C. albicans).

Another project looks at the application of plants as sources for novel drugs against C. neoformans. This is important since 75-80% of African and Asian populations still rely on traditional or complementary/alternative medicines for their primary health-care needs. Coupled to this, modern medicines have become increasingly expensive and thus inaccessible to many in developing countries. Moreover, there is a shift to more “organic” and “vegan” lifestyles as well as the use of herbal medicines to prevent or manage the development of certain diseases.

Yeast contaminated water

“Considering the severity of invasive fungal infection, it is important to study the dissemination and proliferation of various pathogenic or potentially pathogenic fungal species in our surrounding environments. It is crucial to identify major vectors that aid in the spread of pathogenic yeast to prevent infections in susceptible individuals, which mainly include immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals.

“Candida, Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula species are commonly found in a variety of water sources with which humans are in frequent contact through daily activities like bathing, washing of clothes and cooking. This recent information further warrants the investigation into the possibility that fungal infections may occur through contact with yeast contaminated water,” concludes Prof Pohl-Albertyn.

She says it is thus important to investigate the presence and antifungal susceptibility of yeast found in water as well as to identify ways to monitor potential fungal outbreaks, possibly through wastewater surveillance. The research aims to identify potentially pathogenic yeast species as well as to quantify levels of azole, specifically fluconazole, in wastewater. In addition, the fluconazole susceptibility of these isolates will be assessed in an attempt to link azole pollution of the environment to antifungal drug resistance development.

News Archive

Official opening ceremony of the UFS Qwaqwa Campus
2006-02-15

Official opening ceremony of the UFS Qwaqwa Campus
11th February 2006 – Multipurpose Hall

Opening Speech:
Prof. Peter A. Mbati
Campus Principal

Successfully rising to the challenges of incorporations and mergers – developing a vibrant and academically stimulating satellite campus of the University of the Free State.

Thank you Mr. Program Director and good morning ladies and gentlemen.

I wish to once again welcome all of you to the official opening ceremony of the University of the Free State QQ campus.  Thank you for taking time to share with us an important date in our campus academic calendar.  I bring you greetings from our Rector and Vice Chancellor Prof. Frederick Fourie.

During such occasions we try and reflect on important matters that have affected us as an institution in the preceding year, commit ourselves to specific objectives for the current year, while planning for the proceeding year.

Today I shall be talking on Successfully rising to the challenges of incorporations and mergers – developing a vibrant and academically stimulating satellite campus of the University of the Free State’.

SRC inauguration
I would like to congratulate the SRC President and the entire SRC leadership for being elected into important positions of student leadership and authority. 

As a university we are proud of the quality of our student leadership on the Qwaqwa campus.  I am confident that you young leaders will rise to the challenges of your office and discharge your duties with diligence and without fear or favour.  That you will rise above your party affiliations and provide effective leadership to the entire student body on campus.
                              
Leadership is complex and requires you to be objective, just and fair in your approach to the many challenges that you will encounter.  You will be judged not by the populist decision that you take when confronted with difficult choices, but rather, on the wisdom that you exercise in reaching consensus in decision making processes.

The era when management and student leadership viewed each other with suspicion and as adversaries is long gone.  Management, academic and administrative staff, parents and students must have common agendas in as far the  quality growth and development of our university is concerned and to strive towards academic excellence.  I leave the challenge to you students, and more so to the inaugurated student leaders to define your agenda in achieving this noble objective.  I trust that you will make the right choices.

Brief history of incorporation
On the recommendations of the National Working Group of Higher Education, the Qwaqwa Campus of the then University of the North was incorporated into the University of the Free State on 1st January 2003.  We suddenly had to move from a campus that was originally semi-autonomous and with its own culture developed over almost 20 years, into a campus that had to operate as a fully integrated campus of the UFS, a 100 year old institution with its distinct culture.

Following incorporation, we not only had to continue with our core business of teaching, learning, research and community service, but we also had to engage in other important aspects such as exploring the most appropriate models of governance for the campus, encouraging dialogue and interactions at all levels between personnel at the different campuses with a view to developing trust between colleagues. And with the added dimensions such as participation in the transformation task team we in effect are at the fore front of developing a new institutional culture at the UFS and a truly South African University.

UFS Strategic objectives
The strategic and transformation priorities of the University of the Free State for 2006 – 2008 as approved by the Executive Management at its retreat in January 2006 are:

  • Quality and Excellence
  • Equity, diversity and redress
  • Financial sustainability
  • Regional co-operation and engagement

Central to this priority is the integration of the Qwaqwa campus as a valuable constituent part of the UFS, and the strategic reconfiguration of the campus in order that the UFS can play a meaningful role in regional engagement and development.

  • National leadership

The five strategic objectives cannot be viewed in isolation and run simultaneously and in concert with each other. 

The Question must therefore be what we on the QQ campus, staff and students, parents and our broader community are willing to do to achieve these strategic objectives. The reconfiguration and strategic planning of this campus, and therefore its success, must be a collaborative effort between colleagues at QQ and on the main campus.  We must all be ready to work together, to plan together, to shoulder responsibilities together and sometimes, to share the pain and disappointments together. 

The second question must therefore be: are we prepared to go that extra mile for our campus to ensure that we claim our rightful stake within the ranks of well respected academic institutions of higher learning in this country?  At this point in its history this campus requires committed men and women from across the cultural spectrum who appreciate the challenges ahead of us and who are ready to give of their best and to constructively engage at all levels to make this dream a reality.  Because this dream is possible and this dream will be realized!

Quality and Excellence (1st strategic objective)

As mentioned by the Rector in his speech at the official opening ceremony of the university on the main campus on Friday 3rd February, the university will in 2006 pay extra attention to Quality and Excellence.  This is informed by the Higher Education Quality Committee’s (HEQC) institutional audit which is scheduled to take place this year.  Our university as well as several other HEI’s will be subjected to this audit.  This will call for a lot of hard work on your part in preparation for a successful audit and in this regard therefore I request for your cooperation.

As a further step in confirming our commitment to quality and excellence, we have simultaneously introduced on the QQ campus and the main campus workshops on performance management systems to a cohort group.  This will be expanded in 2006 to a wider group of managers on the QQ campus to include among others all Program Heads and Subject Heads. PMS is an invaluable tool for fair, effective and efficient management of a very important resource on campus – the human resource.  Benefits of PMS include among others:

  • Instilling and enriching a culture of performance management (quality assurance) as an integral part of the day to day functioning of staff at the campus
  • Improving staff performance through mentoring, development and training

Tri campus project
One of the more important projects that we as a university undertook in 2005 was the Tri Campus Project which was coordinated by the Free State Higher Education Consortium (FSHEC) through Niel Butcher and Associates consultants.

The Tri-Campus project focused on the strategic planning for higher education campuses in the Free State that have been incorporated with UFS and CUT during the reshaping of the South African higher education landscape. The Bloemfontein Vista campus and the Qwaqwa campus of the University of the North were incorporated with the UFS, and the Welkom Vista campus with the CUT.

The planning process involved a range of research and consultation activities during the course of 2005. This included:

  • Conducting situational analyses of the Qwaqwa campus during which staff and students were widely consulted;
  • Consulting with the campus and with a range of stakeholders in the sub-region
  • Review of the Free State Provincial Growth and Development Strategy and Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) of the regions and other research of relevance to the sub-regions, province and country.

An operational framework for the reconfiguration of the campus with a range of possible Program Qualification Mixes has been produced.  In December 2005, the Rector, the Vice Rector Academic Planning Prof. Magda Fourie and I discussed this document with senior members of the DoE in Pretoria, and we will soon be meeting with the National Minister of Education Me Naledi Pandor for her guidance and to seek support in the further refinement of the document and subsequent implementation.

Recapitalization
This year a further R 6 M has been budgeted for recapitalization.  In about two weeks time the third of phase of renovations on campus will commence and attention will be given to the administration building, the humanities and the outstanding work in the lecture hall complex.  There- after the library, sciences and education buildings will follow.  As you will recall a substantial portion of the R 8.4 million in 2005 was used to upgrade the student residences and the lecture hall complex.

I am certain that the renovations and upgrading of our infrastructure and physical facilities including landscaping will create an enabling environment for you to enjoy your work and studies on this campus.

Renovations come with some measure of inconveniences and I therefore wish to request for your patience and support during this period.

Closing remarks
There is a heightened spirit of optimism on what the future holds for this campus.  This is evident when I talk to a large cross section of staff and students of this campus – and I therefore invite all of you to come and be partners with us on this journey of optimism and hope of what the future holds for the UFS – QQ campus.

Thank you and God bless!

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