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UFS boasts innovative approaches to energy and water management

19 September 2023 | Story University of the Free State | Photo Supplied

UFS staff — Staff from UFS University Estates: Engineering Services; Obakeng Mocwana, Ben Mhlomi, Sibusiso Lediga, Waylon Kruger, Alain Isaacs, and Nicolaas Esterhuysen.

Last year, the University of the Free State (UFS) launched a progressive institutional strategy, which contains bold but achievable goals to maximise its impact on society. Vision 130 expresses the institution’s intent and commitment to be acknowledged by peers and society as a top-tier university in South Africa, ranked among the best in the world. It highlights key focus areas for the period leading up to 2034 when the university celebrates 130 years of existence. A set of key values have been identified to guide UFS strategies and operations – with sustainability occupying a central space.

As an institution of teaching and learning, research, and engagement, the UFS wants to use its strategic position to drive sustainability issues by establishing green campuses and adopting sustainable built environment practices.

It aims to renew, rejuvenate, regenerate, and revisit facilities and infrastructure. This includes a commitment to implementing energy-saving and effective water management initiatives for greater sustainability.

Solar energy

A flagship renewable energy project is the installation of solar plants across the three UFS campuses in response to the call for urgent solutions to load-shedding problems, and promoting sustainable, clean energy solutions.

The microgrid installation on the Qwaqwa Campus in the Eastern Free State is one of the biggest solar-diesel hybrid systems in South Africa, enabling this campus to keep running despite excessive power interruptions in the region.

The installed grid-tied solar plants operate without batteries on all three campuses, giving the university an optimal configuration between capital cost and payback period.

The UFS has saved up to R32,5 million since the first solar plant was commissioned in 2017. This will soon increase substantially with the commissioning of two large new ground-mounted solar plants on the Bloemfontein Campus.

Waterwise landscaping

Changing environmental conditions are putting precious water resources under strain across the world – especially in drought-prone sub-Saharan Africa.

The UFS has been implementing innovative waterwise and greywater initiatives over the past couple of years in response to continuous local drought conditions and sporadic water restrictions, replacing large expanses of lawn with hard elements and paving, as well as waterwise indigenous plants, including a range of hardy succulents.

Rainwater harvesting systems have been fitted at all residences and academic buildings. Other water-saving initiatives include greywater systems installed at residences, waterless urinals in administrative and academic buildings, water restrainers, pressure control systems (reducing the volume of water) and push-button systems instead of taps.

Encouraging energy-saving results

A clear indication that the energy-saving measures are yielding positive results is that energy consumption has decreased with 14,5% since 2017, even though the gross surface area of the university has grown with 8,8%.

UFS carbon emissions have shown a significant reduction over the years – from 0.115 CO2/m2 in 2013 to 0.088 CO2/m2 in 2022 – making it a frontrunner in low carbon emissions among South African higher education institutions. This is mainly due to the implementation of energy-efficient strategies and solar generation, effectively minimising energy consumption.

The UFS not only prioritises sustainability as a fundamental institutional focus, but also actively engages in numerous projects that contribute to a more sustainable world, aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In this way, it lives up to its mission to be a research-led, student-centred, and regionally engaged institution that contributes to development and social justice through the production of globally competitive graduates and knowledge.

Energy-efficient buildings

The UFS has thorough guidelines for pursuing sustainability in its built environment, with factors such as energy efficiency given meticulous consideration when new buildings and structures are planned. The university also measures and tracks energy consumption in all its existing buildings.

On the Bloemfontein Campus, the multi-functional Modular Lecture Building offers flexible teaching and learning spaces, where large numbers of students exchange knowledge and information in an environment enhanced and supported by electronic media. This facility is considered a hub for innovative learning, recently receiving a National Merit Award from the South African Institute of Architects (SAIA). Adjudicators noted that the building sets a benchmark for rational planning and technical efficiency and helps to complete the campus urban framework through its placing and material choices.

The building incorporated various energy-saving measures in its design, including building orientation to optimise exposure to sunlight in spaces where it matters, seasonal sun control, double glazing and louvres for energy conservation, rainwater harvesting and storage on the roof of the building, trees and waterwise landscaping.

This facility forms part of an endeavour to create a cohesive campus identity that improves the university’s core business, and exemplifies its emphasis on innovation and excellence.

The UFS has adopted technical guidelines for building design and development, following the rating systems and tools developed by the Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA), which are used for the certification of sustainability performance in the built environment. These guidelines, which apply to indoor environmental quality, energy, materials, land use ecology, emissions, innovation, and water, among others, form part of the measures used when new buildings are developed.

Research on water and water quality

In line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), several UFS researchers are involved with important research efforts on water and water quality, including:

• Centre for Environmental Management: The use of freshwater algae to treat acid mine drainage or domestic wastewater.

This research, which has earned a coveted NSTF-South32 award, focuses on a more circular use of resources where waste is reduced and resources are recycled, which has driven a paradigm shift within the scientific community about wastewater solutions.

• Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry: Developing sustainable water treatment options using biogeochemical processes in engineered technology.

The UFS has established a Mineral Biogeochemistry Research Infrastructure Platform as part of a national initiative to promote the science of biogeochemistry as a strategic objective in South Africa. It also focuses on agricultural bio-augmentation research with industry partners to help ensure long-term food security in Africa.

• Institute for Groundwater Studies (IGS): Research on fractured rock aquifers, industrial and mining contamination, groundwater governance and groundwater resource.

The IGS water research laboratory has ISO 17025 accreditation from the South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) for all its methods, setting it apart in the field of contract research on water-related topics in the mining and industrial sectors.

WATCH: UFS' Sustainable Energy Initiatives

News Archive

Inaugural lecture: Prof Robert Bragg, Dept. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology

2006-05-17

Attending the inaugural lecture were in front from the left Prof Robert Bragg (lecturer at the Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology) and Frederick Fourie (Rector and Vice-Chancellor). At the back from the left were Prof James du Preez (Departmental Chairperson: Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology) and Prof Herman van Schalkwyk (Dean: Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences). Photo: Stephen Collett

A summary of an inaugural lecture delivered by Prof Robert Bragg at the University of the Free State:

CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN DISEASES – LESSONS FOR MAN?

Prof Robert R Bragg
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology
University of the Free State

“Many of the lessons learnt in disease control in poultry will have application on human medicine,” said Prof Robert Bragg, lecturer at the University of the Free State’s (UFS) Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology during his inaugural lecture.

Prof Bragg said the development of vaccines remains the main stay of disease control in humans as well as in avian species. Disease control can not rely on vaccination alone and other disease-control options must be examined.

“With the increasing problems of antibiotic resistance, the use of disinfection and bio security are becoming more important,” he said.

“Avian influenza (AI) is an example of a disease which can spread from birds to humans. Hopefully this virus will not develop human to human transmission,” said Prof Bragg.

According to Prof Bragg, South Africa is not on the migration route of water birds, which are the main transmitters of AI. “This makes South Africa one of the countries less likely to get the disease,” he said.

If the AI virus does develop human to human transmission, it could make the 1918 flu pandemic pale into insignificance. During the 1918 flu pandemic, the virus had a mortality rate of only 3%, yet more than 50 million people died.

Although the AI virus has not developed human-to-human transmission, all human cases have been related to direct contact with infected birds. The mortality rate in humans who have contracted this virus is 67%.

“Apart from the obvious fears for the human population, this virus is a very serious poultry pathogen and can cause 100% mortality in poultry populations. Poultry meat and egg production is the staple protein source in most countries around the world. The virus is currently devastating the poultry industry world-wide,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg’s research activities on avian diseases started off with the investigation of diseases in poultry. “The average life cycle of a broiler chicken is 42 days. After this short time, they are slaughtered. As a result of the short generation time in poultry, one can observe changes in microbial populations as a result of the use of vaccines, antibiotics and disinfectants,” said Prof Bragg.

“Much of my research effort has been directed towards the control of infectious coryza in layers, which is caused by the bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum. This disease is a type of sinusitis in the layer chickens and can cause a drop in egg product of up to 40%,” said Prof Bragg.

The vaccines used around the world in an attempt to control this disease are all inactivated vaccines. One of the most important points is the selection of the correct strains of the bacterium to use in the vaccine.

Prof Bragg established that in South Africa, there are four different serovars of the bacterium and one of these, the serovar C-3 strain, was believed to be unique to Southern Africa. He also recently discovered this serovar for the first time in Israel, thus indicating that this serovar might have a wider distribution than originally believed.

Vaccines used in this country did not contain this serovar. Prof Bragg established that the long term use of vaccines not containing the local South African strain resulted in a shift in the population distribution of the pathogen.

Prof Bragg’s research activities also include disease control in parrots and pigeons. “One of the main research projects in my group is on the disease in parrots caused by the circovirus Beak and Feather Disease virus. This virus causes serious problems in the parrot breeding industry in this country. This virus is also threatening the highly endangered and endemic Cape Parrot,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg’s research group is currently working on the development of a DNA vaccine which will assist in the control of the disease, not only in the parrot breeding industry, but also to help the highly endangered Cape Parrot in its battle for survival.

“Not all of our research efforts are directed towards infectious coryza or the Beak and Feather Disease virus. One of my Masters students is currently investigating the cell receptors involved in the binding of Newcastle Disease virus to cancerous cells and normal cells of humans. This work will also eventually lead to a possible treatment of cancer in humans and will assist with the development of a recombinant vaccine for Newcastle disease virus,” said Prof Bragg.

We are also currently investigating an “unknown” virus which causes disease problems in poultry in the Western Cape,” said Prof Bragg.

“Although disinfection has been extensively used in the poultry industry, it has only been done at the pre-placement stage. In other words, disinfectants are used before the birds are placed into the house. Once the birds are placed, all use of disinfectants stops,” said Prof Bragg.

“Disinfection and bio security can be seen as the ‘Cinderella’ of disease control in poultry. This is also true for human medicine. One just has to look at the high numbers of people who die from hospital-acquired infections to realise that disinfection is not a concept which is really clear in human health care,” said Prof Bragg.

Much research has been done in the control of diseases through vaccination and through the use of antibiotics. “These pillars of disease control are, however, starting to crumble and more effort is needed on disinfection and bio security,” said Prof Bragg.

Prof Bragg has been working in close co-operation with a chemical manufacturing company in Stellenbosch to develop a unique disinfectant which his highly effective yet not toxic to the birds.

As a result of this unique product, he has developed the continual disinfection program for use in poultry. In this program the disinfectant is used throughout the production cycle of the birds. It is also used to ensure that there is excellent pre-placement disinfection.

“The program is extensively used for the control of infectious diseases in the parrot-breeding industry in South Africa and the product has been registered in 15 countries around the world with registration in the USA in the final process,” said Prof Bragg.

“Although the problem of plasmid mediated resistance to disinfectants is starting to rear its ugly head, this has allowed for the opening of a new research field which my group will hopefully exploit in the near future,” he said.

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