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04 December 2024 | Story André Damons | Photo André Damons
Breast Cancer Research 2024
The research team consist of Dr Beynon Abrahams (left), Viwe Fokazi, MMed.Sci student, and PhD student Songezo Vazi.

In an effort to better understand chemotherapeutic treatment response in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) – known as an aggressive cancer with high recurrence and high mortality rate in breast cancer patients – researchers from the University of the Free State (UFS) developed a drug-resistant TNBC spheroid model that is physiologically more accurate in displaying the complexities involved in drug-resistance development.

Dr Beynon Abrahams, Lecturer in the Department of Basic Medical Sciences within the UFS Faculty of Health Sciences, says breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. It is also the most debilitating type of cancer responsible for the highest cancer mortality rates in women. Though various subtypes of breast cancer exist, TNBC is one that is of particular interest to his research team.

“TNBC is one of the most difficult cancer types to treat, due to lack of treatment targets. This often leads to treatment failure in TNBC patients, with drug resistance being a common occurrence, contributing to high death rates. TNBC is classified based on its lack of expression of common receptors such as the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, which are commonly expressed in other cancer subtypes.

“Characteristically, TNBC is known as an aggressive cancer with high metastatic potential (spreading of cancer), resulting in a poor prognosis for these patients. The current prescribed therapies for TNBC, entails multidrug combination systemic therapy including chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin and cisplatin as adjuvant therapy. However, despite these therapeutic interventions, drug resistance is a common occurrence,” says Dr Abrahams.

The best available preclinical cell-based models should be used

For effective drug treatments to be developed for TNBC therapeutics, he continues, the best available disease models should be used to not only improve our understanding of the disease physiology and its numerous mechanisms involved in chemotherapeutic resistance development but also to provide accurate results when determining how safe and effective newly developed drugs are, before they may be considered for further development and testing on humans.

According to him, in preclinical cancer research the conventional methods employed to study disease mechanisms, drug action and drug resistance is ineffective. Firstly, the traditionally used preclinical 2-dimensional (2-D) cell culture models do not accurately recapitulate the architectural biology observed in vivo, second, the drug responses assessed in these models may provide inaccurate results and limit its translational potential, explains Dr Abrahams. Thus, more advanced cell-based models such as 3-dimensional (3-D) spheroids and organoids to name a few, should be considered as alternatives.

The UFS research team, in collaboration with the Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™) at the North-West University (NWU), recently took the undertaking to establish two triple negative breast cancer 3-D spheroid models, using the clinostat rotating bioreactor ClinoStar™ system, designed by CelVivo in Denmark. The project is funded by the National Research Foundation.

The ClinoStar™ system promotes the self-aggregation of single cells, and natural formation of 3-D spheroids, through slow rotation within a cell growth chamber known as an incubator. There are various techniques and methods available to develop spheroids and organoids, however the ClinoStar™ systems allow for the development of metabolically stable spheroids, over a longer period of time, as opposed to other methods. It also eliminates the sheer-stress conditions that are normally encountered when using 2-D cell culture models.

“We successfully established one chemotherapeutic-sensitive triple negative breast cancer spheroid model and one novel cisplatin-resistant triple negative breast cancer spheroid model. The chemo-sensitive TNBC spheroid model was evaluated for responsiveness against two clinically used chemotherapeutic agents, doxorubicin and cisplatin. We suggest that this model may be useful to screen novel compounds including traditionally used phytomedicinal material for anticancer activity.

“In our second model, the cisplatin-resistant TNBC spheroid model was also exposed to cisplatin and doxorubicin and demonstrated a resistant response in terms of growth and viability. We believe that this model may be useful to further explore drug resistance mechanisms and may also be used as a tool to assess the drug reversal potential of novel compounds. The value and impact of these models lies in that they may offer predictive drug responses that are closer to that observed in in vivo (animals), as opposed to 2-D cell cultures. This however needs to be assessed. We are currently in the process to fully characterise these spheroids models.”

Aim of the research

Dr Abrahams explains their research aims to merge the gap between conventionally used 2-D cell models and in vivo models, by providing a model that is physiologically more accurate in mimicking the in vivo conditions and complex pathways associated with drug resistance, which is otherwise not observed or accurately expressed in 2D models. “Although our research is preclinical and considered fundamental basic research, the translational potential of our spheroid models may provide options for exploring and testing alternative drugs that may be considered for translational research,” Dr Abrahams says.

Characterising other advanced cell-based cancer models

The team is currently in the process of further characterising the TNBC spheroid model based on protein and genetic expression profiles to elucidate potential therapeutic biomarkers for drug treatment as well as screening various phytomedicinal plants, to assess their antiproliferative and drug-resistance reversal potential. In addition, the researchers recently commenced a new research project that aims to develop a drug-resistant prostate cancer spheroid model using the Clinostar™ system with their collaborators at the NWU.

Advanced cell-based model research is still relatively ‘new’ in South Africa and Africa, compared to the global North. As a result, says Dr Abrahams, their NWU collaborators together with other stakeholders, initiated the establishment of the Society for Advanced Cell Culture Modelling for Africa (SACCMA) in 2021, which aims to develop the fields of advanced cell modelling, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, 3D bioprinting and stem cell research, in Africa. Our current inter-departmental  collaboration include researchers from the Pharmacology department, but we hope to build and expand our collaboration network in the near future.

News Archive

Juan Odendaal on his way to World Champs
2015-03-23

Juan Odendaal
Photo: BOOGS Photography, Andrew McFadden

UFS’s athletes with disabilities are currently excelling in cycling and athletics.

The UFS Para-cyclist, Juan Odendaal, will soon make his debut for South Africa at the 2015 Union Cyclist International (UCI) Para-cycling Track World Championships in Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, from 26-29 March 2015.

The Championship event will provide an excellent foundation for re-building the international competitiveness of South Africa’s Para-cycling track team in the build-up to Rio 2016. In a situation where the UCI has hosted relatively few international track competitions over the past three years, the 2015 World Championships will serve as a stepping-stone to the 2016 grand season, when it is expected that the country’s top riders will reach their peak competitive condition.

As the youngest member of the South African team, Odendaal will use the opportunity of competing in the individual time trial and team sprint events to build a platform for an international career will certainly span many years to come.

Another UFS student, Musa Simelane, are excelling and was chosen for the SA Wheelchair Rugby tean, known as the "Wheelboks". They will compete in the 2015 World Wheelchair Rugby Challenge in London in October and after that head to Japan to compete in the 2015 Asia Oceania Championships.

On a local level, earlier in March this year, other UFS athletes with disabilities also performed well on the athletics track.

Blind athlete and member of the Bloemfontein Campus Student Representative Council (SRC), Louzanne Coetzee, also had a good 1500m race in the beginning of March when she qualified easily for the World Championships, which will take place in Toronto, Canada, later this year. Coetzee and her guide, Rouxné Jacobs, set up a time of 5:45.86, which is well under the required standard of 6 minutes.

The other blind UFS athlete, Danie Breitenbach, alongside his guide Marius Wessels, broke his own national record for the 800m again on Friday 6 March 2015. In November 2014, Breitenbach’s record stood at 2:15.17. This record now stands at 2:13.57. Chances now are that Breitenbach will reach his goal of running the 800m under 2:10 at the Nedbank National Championship for the Physically Disabled at the end of March 2015.

The other Kovsie stars who will be participating at the Nedbank National Championship for the Physically Disabled are as follows:

Athletes:
• Dineo Mokhosoa
• Louzanne Coetzee
• Danie Breitenbach
• Juanré Jenkinson
• Diederich Kleynhans
• Jacques de Bruyn

Swimmer:
• Johann van Heerden

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