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30 April 2025 | Story Leonie Bolleurs | Photo Supplied
Dr Palesa Mohajane
Dr Palesa Mohajane, scientist production at the Department of Water and Sanitation, received her PhD from the UFS for her research on the impact of pandemic-related burials on groundwater quality.

Dr Palesa Mohajane, a scientist production at the Department of Water and Sanitation in Hartbeespoort, was recently awarded her doctoral degree at the University of the Free State’s (UFS) autumn graduation ceremony. Her thesis, titled Modelling the effect of pandemic-induced burials on groundwater contamination: a hydrogeological and epidemiological assessment, looks at the impact of increased burial rates on groundwater quality.

 

Safeguarding groundwater resources

Dr Mohajane explains that witnessing the dramatic rise in burial rates during the COVID-19 pandemic – including instances of mass burials – and the resulting strain on cemeteries, raised concerns about the potential risk of groundwater contamination. This became a motivator for her research.

Her study bridges the gap between environmental science and epidemiology, developing tools to predict how disease outbreaks and related deaths can impact groundwater systems. “By focusing on this intersection, the study contributes knowledge that informs not only responsible cemetery management, but also the protection of groundwater resources important to public health,” she says.

Dr Mohajane highlights the environmental risks that come with an increase in burial activity during pandemics. “When death rates rise sharply, cemeteries experience a surge in burials, which accelerates decomposition within confined spaces. As bodies decompose, they release organic and inorganic pollutants, which can seep through geological layers and affect groundwater quality.”

She notes that if cemeteries are established without proper hydrogeological assessments, these substances can infiltrate the soil and contaminate water sources, posing a threat to both environmental and human health.

 

Using advanced tools to predict groundwater pollution

Dr Mohajane conducted her research during the post-pandemic period when the longer-term environmental effects of COVID-19-related burial practices began to surface. “Groundwater sampling and quality testing were conducted between September 2023 and January 2024. This period provided a suitable time frame to monitor contaminant release and assess the hydrochemical effects of the burial practices,” she explains.

Langberg Cemetery was selected as a case study due to its representative geological and human-made characteristics, making it a strong candidate for validating the research models. “This site allowed for real-world testing of the mathematical models and simulations, offering important insights into how contaminants move through soil and rock layers and impact groundwater,” says Dr Mohajane.

Her findings revealed that groundwater contamination is influenced by multiple interacting factors – including burial depth, body mass, and geological features. She explains that shallower burials allow pollutants to reach the water table more rapidly, while deeper burials may delay but not prevent eventual leaching. Larger body masses produce more decomposing material, increasing the number of pollutants released. Geological conditions such as fractures and varied rock formations also play a role in the spread of contaminants.

Dr Mohajane’s work has serious implications for both public health and water sustainability. The presence of elevated levels of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, specific ions, alkalinity, and mineralisation indicates potential health hazards. As groundwater is an important source of drinking water, she stresses the urgency of addressing these risks. “We need to use advanced tools to predict and prevent groundwater pollution before it occurs. With proper water management systems, we can reduce the environmental impact of pandemics,” she says.

She also emphasises the importance of continuous monitoring to detect pollutant levels that exceed safety limits. “Improving burial practices – including thorough geological assessments before establishing cemeteries and optimising burial depths – can help reduce contaminant migration. These measures are important to protect community water resources,” she adds.

 

Measures to protect groundwater and public health

Dr Mohajane’s research proposes a range of practical measures to safeguard groundwater and public health. Cemeteries should only be developed after detailed geological evaluations, and clear regulations must guide cemetery design to manage increased burial needs during pandemics. Regular water quality monitoring using modern detection tools is key, along with the inclusion of environmental assessments in public health planning.

“These policy measures, if adopted at both regional and national levels, can help to reduce the risk of groundwater pollution and support long-term public health,” she says.

Ultimately, this research supports South Africa’s efforts to protect its groundwater by encouraging collaboration between scientists and policy makers. It offers predictive tools, evidence-based guidelines for sustainable cemetery management, and highlights how scientific research can shape practical, effective policies. The goal is to ensure that groundwater remains a safe and secure resource during future public health and environmental crises.

News Archive

Situation on the Bloemfontein Campus, and letter to parents
2016-02-28

Letter to parents from Prof Jonathan Jansen, Vice-Chancellor and Rector of the UFS 

 

Statement by Prof Jonathan Jansen, Vice-Chancellor and Rector of the University of the Free State (UFS) about the situation on the Bloemfontein Campus


1.    As all of you know, last night we witnessed a really tragic event at Xerox Shimla Park on the Bloemfontein Campus on the occasion of the Varsity Cup rugby match between NMMU (FNB Madibaz) and UFS (FNB Shimlas).
2.    The game started at 18:30 and about 17 minutes into the match, a group of protestors sitting on the north-eastern side of the stadium decided to invade the pitch and disrupt the game in progress.
3.    After a short while, some of the spectators also invaded the field, chasing and brutally beating those protestors whom they caught.
4.    As a university leadership we condemn in the strongest terms possible the vicious attack on the protestors. Nobody, repeat nobody, has the right to take the law into their own hands. While the protests were illegal and disruptive, it did not harm to the physical well-being of the spectators.
5.    The reaction from the group of spectators, however, not only opened old wounds, it trampled, literally and figuratively, on the dignity and humanity of other human beings. This we condemn in no uncertain terms, and no stone will be left unturned to find those who acted so violently on what should have been a beautiful occasion that also brought families and young children together to enjoy an evening of sport.
6.    I cannot over-emphasise our level of disgust and dismay at the behaviour of the spectators. It is NOT what the University of the Free State (UFS) is about and we are working around the clock to gather evidence on the basis of which we will pursue both charges and, in the case of students, also disciplinary action on campus.
7.    At the same time, the invasion of the pitch is also completely unacceptable and we will seek evidence on the basis of which we will act against those who decided to disrupt an official university event.
8.    Clashes between students occurred afterwards on campus and members of the Public Order Policing had to disperse some of them. The situation was stabilised in the early hours of the morning.
9.    Disruption continued this morning (23 February 2016) when students damaged some university buildings, a statue, and broke windows. Additional reinforcements from the South African Police Service were brought in to stabilise the campus. Additional security has also been deployed.


Broader picture
10.    We are very aware of the national crisis on university campuses and the instability currently underway. While the UFS has been largely peaceful, we have not been spared this turmoil, as last night’s events showed.
11.    We are also conscious of the fact that even as we speak, various political formations are vying for position inside the turmoil in this important election year. In fact, part of the difficulty of resolving competing demands is that they come from different political quarters, and change all the time.
12.    We are therefore learning from reliable sources that the Varsity Cup competition is, in fact, a target of national protests in front of a television audience.
13.    And we are aware of the fact that these protests are not only led by students but also by people from outside who have no association with the university. Just as the violent spectators involved on Monday night also included people from outside the university.

The demands

14.    My team has worked around the clock to try to meet the demands of contract workers demanding to be in-sourced. In fact, this weekend past, senior colleagues sat with worker leaders in the township to try to find ways of meeting their demands. We were hoping that such an agreement would be finalised by Monday afternoon (22 February 2016), but on the same Monday morning workers and students were arrested after moving onto Nelson Mandela Avenue, after which the South African Police Service (SAPS) took over as the matter became a public safety concern outside the hands of the university. Since then, it was difficult to return the workers to settle on a possible agreement.
15.    The fact is that the UFS has been in constant negotiation with contract workers to provide our colleagues with a decent wage and certain benefits. In fact, towards the end of last year we raised the minimum wage from R2 500 to R5 000. We were in fact hoping that the continued negotiations would improve that level of compensation even as we looked at a possible plan for insourcing in the future. We made it clear that if we could insource immediately, we would, but that the financial risk to the university was so great that it threatened the jobs of all our staff. Those negotiations were going well, until recently, when without notice the workers broke away and decided to protest on and around campus.
16.    While these negotiations were going on, the Student Representative Council (SRC) on Monday 22 February 2016 also decided to protest. While the vast majority of our 32 000 students were in classes and determined to get an education, a very small group led by the SRC President decided to protest; some invaded the UFS Sasol Library and the computer centre, and with the President eventually made their way to Xerox Shimla Park on which route they confronted the police, interrupted traffic and in fact injured some of our security staff as well as police officials.
17.    The university is definitely proceeding to collect evidence on these illegal and violent acts and will also act firmly against students involved in these protests.

Summary
18.    The events of Monday night represent a major setback for the transformation process at the UFS. While we have made major progress in recent years—from residence integration to a more inclusive language policy to a core curriculum to very successful ‘leadership for change’ interventions for student leaders—we still have a long way to go.
19.    One violent incident on a rugby field and we again see the long road ahead yet to be travelled. As I have often said before, you cannot deeply transform a century-old university and its community overnight. We acknowledge the progress but also the still long and difficult path ahead. We will not give up.
20.    We have 32 000 students on our campuses; the overwhelming majority of them are decent and committed to building bridges over old divides as we have seen over and over again. So many of our students, black and white, have become close and even intimate friends working hard to make this a better campus and ours a better community and country. Like all of us, they are gutted by what they saw on Monday, but the hundreds of messages I received from parents, students, and alumni this past 20 hours or so said one thing—keep on keeping on. And we will.

 

The Big Read: An assault on transformation (Times Live kolom deur Prof Jonathan Jansen: 25 Februarie 2016)

 

 

 


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