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The spineless cactus, a promising source of sustainable energy

15 May 2023 | Story Leonie Bolleurs | Photo Supplied

The spineless cactus is a unique perennial plant that is able to yield close to 40 tons of dry matter per hectare per year with a rainfall of 500 mm per annum. “This equates eight tons of biomethane or 11 000 litres of diesel-equivalent energy per hectare,” says Axel Tarrisse, a PhD student in the Department of Sustainable Food Systems and Development at the University of the Free State (UFS), who is working on the biogas and fodder potential of spineless cactus in Africa.

Tarrisse believes biogas, produced from the spineless cactus, has the potential to complement the supply of South Africa’s existing industrial energy companies to produce sustainable jet fuel and diesel and a variety of other products with the gas-to-liquid process they use.

Developing biogas

He says with rainfall, key nutrients, carbon dioxide, and solar energy it is possible to produce biomass from cactus.

“First, we harvest the cactus and macerate it prior to going into an anaerobic digester where it is heated to 38°C, the same as a cow’s body temperature. Inside the digester, naturally occurring bacteria, similar to those found in their stomachs, break down the cactus, resulting in the production of biogas. This biogas is composed of both methane and carbon dioxide,” he explains.

According to him, biogas generated through this process can be used in a number of ways. This includes running generators to produce electricity or burning it to generate heat. It will also serve as a feedstock to replace coal and natural gas used by companies such as PetroSA and Sasol in their production of synthetic renewable fuels.

“The methane can also be separated from the carbon dioxide and compressed into bottles, creating compressed biomethane. This can be used as a replacement for liquid petroleum gas (LPG), as well as petrol and diesel in vehicles, such as bakkies, tractors, buses, and delivery trucks.”

The carbon dioxide produced in the process can, for example, be used to replace the fossil-based carbon dioxide typically used in the production of carbonated beverages. Additionally, it can be applied to extend the shelf life of packaged foods, serve as a water softener, and even be applied to a variety of industrial applications.

Commercialisation

Biogas/biomethane is already produced in Mexico on a commercial scale. In Northeast Brazil, farmers have planted 600 000 hectares of spineless cactus, also known as Palma Forrageira, but the machinery needed to harvest it only became commercially available this year.

Back home in South Africa, just 30 km outside of Bloemfontein, Barren Energy farm is at Stage 1 with 140 hectares of high-density cactus planted to provide the initial feedstock for anaerobic digestion. With 600 hectares, they will be able to produce five million litres of diesel-equivalent methane.

Tarrisse says, “With the right methodology and management system, producing biogas from the spineless cactus will be adopted relatively quickly on a commercial scale.”

He believes that the lack of investment in cultivating the spineless cactus as a crop for fodder in South Africa may be due to a few factors. “It is easier to stick to what is known, such as irrigating lucerne and maize and managing these crops with existing planters, pest management solutions, and harvesting machinery than to develop local machinery and management solutions for a perfectly adapted crop,” he says.

Compelling reasons

According to Tarrisse, there are several compelling reasons to consider the spineless cactus as a source of biogas in South Africa.

Firstly, he explains, “Only the cactus pads, harvested from high-density plantations (20 000 plants per hectares), are used for biogas production.”

“Secondly, the spineless cactus can yield large volumes of biomass from marginal semi-arid land where conditions are unsuitable for conventional crop cultivation. This makes it an ideal option for the 65% of South African land that receives less than 500 mm of rainfall annually.”

Thirdly, he says, “The plant contains 30 to 50% of easily digestible sugars, which degrades easily in an anaerobic digester. This simple, low-tech process can provide a substantial amount of baseload energy with relatively limited capital expenditure, which is particularly important in developing countries such as South Africa where capital is difficult to raise.”

“On top of that, anaerobic digestion only extracts carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen molecules from the cactus, while most of the macro- and micronutrients, water, and some fibres remain in the digestate. This nutrient-rich cactus digestate can then be spread on the cactus fields, reducing the need for fertiliser once the plantation has been fertilised in the first two years of implementation.”

Societal impact

Besides the benefits of producing biogas from the cactus plant, there is also the opportunity of job creation. “This farming can create one million direct job opportunities from only 3% of South Africa’s land area, approximately 4 million hectares,” says Tarrisse.

He is of the opinion that if production was at scale, as opposed to the current small orchard-style farming of cactus, there would be substantial biomass available to sustain not only biomethane, but also to support various bio-industries, such as protein production through cactus fermentation, biomaterials as a substitute for wood-based cellulose, organic acids, and bioplastics. “Consequently, cactus provides a climate-resilient, drought-resistant, and perennial feedstock for food, feed, fibre, and fuel in semi-arid Southern Africa,” he says.

Tarrisse states that this initiative also has the potential to significantly reduce migration from rural to urban areas, therefore addressing issues related to the growth of urbanisation, such as the provision of infrastructure and crime.

News Archive

Student leaders 2012/13 announced

2012-08-30

Ready for the task - Sabelo Khumalo, SRC President of the Qwaqwa Campus and William Clayton, SRC President of the Bloemfontein Campus.
Photo: Johan Roux
31 August 2012

The 2012/13 elections for the Student Representative Councils (SRC) of the University of the Free State were completed successfully and show meaningful support for the changes in student governance adopted by students across campuses over the past two years.

The SRC elections at the Qwaqwa Campus were completed on 23 August 2012, while the elections at our Bloemfontein Campus took place on 27 and 28 August 2012.

The SRC Elections at our Bloemfontein Campus showed a voter turnout of 4516 votes (30.8%), with the elections at the Qwaqwa Campuses showing 1753 votes (46%) – both campuses reached the required quorums and the IEA (Bloemfontein Campus) and IEC (Qwaqwa Campus) declared the elections free and fair and announced the results as a true reflection of the will of the student bodies at the campuses.

The full SRC at Bloemfontein Campus now consists of 62% black and 38% white, and 53% female and 47% male members.

In the Qwaqwa elections, SADESMO achieved 46, 38% of the vote, with SASCO, PASMA and NASMO each achieving 30,23% and 8,39% and 14,26%, respectively.

The successful elections at Bloemfontein Campus show that the detailed transformation of student governance introduced by students at the Campus in 2010 and adopted by the university in 2011, succeeded in mobilizing greater participation of students in governance and representation. These changes in the main included a shift to independent candidacy for elective portfolios (12 seats) and organizational candidacy in nine sub-councils that holds ex officio seats on the SRC. Changes also included the establishment of student representative seats in faculty governance and management forums and the adoption of a reviewed Central SRC Constitution. Ex officio seats hold full and equal constitutional authority in the SRC.

Students at Qwaqwa Campus introduced additional portfolios to its SRC, including ex-officio seats for academic affairs, arts and culture, commuter students, Rag Community Service, religious affairs, residences and sports.

A joint sitting of the Campus SRCs will establish the Central SRC 2012/13 on 9 September 2012.

As a further opportunity for participation in and the development of student governance and representation, the current Central SRC herewith also announces its recent adoption of a student governance advisory programme, namely the UFS Student Elders Council (SEC).

The SEC is established as a combined programme between the Central SRC and the Dean of Student Affairs and will consist of selected senior student leaders from all campuses who completed their terms of office, apply and are appointed to the Elders Council by the Central SRC.

The Council will serve as an advisory structure to the Central SRC and other student structures in support of the continuous development of student governance and representation of the student body at the university.

The SEC will advise the Central SRC to be constituted following the constitution of the respective Campus SRCs.

The SRC members at the Bloemfontein Campus are:

President: Mr William Clayton

Vice-President: Mr Bonolo Thebe

Secretary: Ms Karis-Robin Topkin

Treasurer: Mr Pieter Coetzee

Arts & Culture: Ms Chanmari Erasmus

Accessibility & Student Support: Ms Gene McCaskill

First-generation Students: Ms Tanya Calitz

Legal and Constitutional Affairs: Ms Nokuthula Sithole

Media, Marketing & Liaison: Ms Neo Chere

Sport: Mr Tshepo Moloi

Student Development & Environmental Affairs: Ms Thabisile Mgadi

Transformation: Ms Koketso Mofokeng

Dialogue & Ex officio: Associations Council: Mr Anesu Ruswa

Academic Affairs & Ex officio: Academic Affairs Council: Ms Nombuso Ndlovu

Residence Affairs & Ex officio: Residences Council: Mr Johann Steyn

City Residence Affairs & Ex officio: Commuter Council: Mr Michael van Niekerk

Postgraduate Affairs & Ex officio: Postgraduate Council: Mr Fadeyi Akinsuyi

International Affairs & Ex officio: International Council: Ms Tumelo Moreri

Student Media Affairs & Ex officio: Media Council: Mr Jamal-Dean Grootboom

RAG Community Service & Ex officio: RAG Fundraising Council: Mr Jaco Faul

RAG Community Service & Ex officio: RAG Community Service Council: Ms Keneue Mahloana

The SRC members at the Qwaqwa Campus are:

President General: Mr S Khumalo

Deputy President: Mr P T Lenka

Secretary General: Mr D Khethang

Treasurer General: Mr S I Sithole

Media & Publicity: Mr S N Ntombela

Politics & Transformation: Tbc

Student Development & Evironmental Affairs: Tbc Academic Affairs: Mr T Molawude

Arts & Cultural Affairs: Mr T Nkohli

Off-Campus Students: Mr B Mtshali

RAG, Community Service & Dialogue: Ms S F Mlotya

Religious Affairs: Ms D C Khau

Residence & Catering Affairs: Ms Z Mzolo

Sports Council: Mr S Mngomezulu

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