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02 September 2024 | Story André Damons | Photo Supplied
Dr Puseletso Mofokeng
Dr Julia Puseletso Mofokeng, from the UFS’s Department of Chemistry, is doing research into biodegradable polymers for application in disposable product packaging.

A researcher from the University of the Free State (UFS) is contributing to the fight against plastic pollution through her research into biodegradable polymers – large, chain-like molecules – as a more environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics.

Plastic pollution is a global environmental problem, with 19 to 23 million tonnes of plastic waste leaked into aquatic ecosystems every year.

Dr Julia Puseletso Mofokeng, Senior Lecturer and Researcher in the UFS Department of Chemistry, hopes her research into how biodegradable polymers can be used in disposable product packaging can influence the industry and policymakers to enforce the use of biopolymers or biodegradable polymers in disposable products. This would help reduce plastic waste and boost environment-conservation efforts.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describes plastic waste as a serious environmental problem – humans produce about 400 million tonnes of plastic waste every year. Approximately 36% of all plastics produced are used in packaging, including single-use plastic products for food and beverage containers, approximately 85% of which ends up in landfills or as unregulated waste.

Researching biodegradable polymers

Dr Mofokeng’s desire to solve the waste problem in her community of Bophelong village in Qwaqwa, Free State – where community members dumped and burned all sorts of waste, including plastics – inspired her towards her field of research.

Today, her research is aimed at managing plastic waste to combat environmental and atmospheric pollution (from incineration), conserve energy, and improve water quality, including ensuring safe drinking water.

High levels of plastic waste have led to increased research into and development of biodegradable polymers as an alternative to non-biodegradable materials for short-shelf-life goods (such as packaging for fresh fruit and vegetables).

Biopolymers or biodegradable polymers, explains Dr Mofokeng, are derived from renewable resources including, but not limited to, vegetable oils, starches and animal fats. They can therefore be easily disposed of after use without harming the environment.

“My research is based on the preparation and characterisation of completely biodegradable polymers, their blends, and composites or nanocomposites filled with unmodified or modified inorganic fillers, natural fibres, as well as synthesised carbonaceous materials,” she says.

Such materials are developed for various applications, including packaging, electromagnetic interference shielding (blocking unwanted signals), and the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants from water bodies. 

“To achieve these aims, I and my small research group are preparing completely biodegradable polymer blends.”

This involves adjusting their morphology (structure) and some of their properties (thermal, thermomechanical, mechanical, and flame retardancy) to match those of petroleum-based polymers in their replacement for disposable products; by reinforcing with natural fibres, and minerals.

Biodegradable polymers can degrade within a few days to a few years depending on their source, type, and biodegradation method used, while petroleum-based polymers can exist for hundreds to thousands of years without degrading. Moreover, because biodegradable polymers are produced from natural resources, their biodegradation mainly produces carbon dioxide, water, and other non-toxic byproducts, Dr Mofokeng adds.

“Biodegradable polymers can degrade by themselves under natural environmental conditions – in one to three years – or may require human intervention to degrade where composts are prepared or conditions are controlled in order to degrade the polymers. The latter two being the fastest, where it could take days to months. In my previous research project [we] kept polylactic acid filled with short sisal fibre in plain water at 80℃, and all the tested samples degraded within 10 days.”

She and a PhD student are conducting an ongoing experiment involving three different biodegradable polymer systems exposed to different conditions outside and under soil, measuring the rate of biodegradation by mimicking the environmental conditions found in dumping sites and landfills.

Signs of biodegradation on the samples showed clearly after 14 months, with cracks, surface erosion, and a decrease in the initial weighed mass, suggesting that the polymers could be completely degraded within two to three years.

Closer to goal

Dr Mofokeng, who has been a National Research Foundation (NRF) Y2-rated researcher since 2021, says since most food outlets and restaurants in South Africa have already started using paper- and bio-based polymer materials in cutlery, straws, and takeaway packaging, the country seems to be closer to its goal of using biodegradable polymers for disposable packaging.

The UFS, too, is aiming to phase out the use of plastic bottles in the next three to five years. This will be done by installing filtered water machines in all its buildings.

“We are now left with policymakers to enforce strict laws governing production; and retail industries to use biopolymers or biodegradable polymers in disposable packaging materials,” she says.

New research

Dr Mofokeng and her group’s research is in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including ensuring good health and wellbeing (SDG3), providing clean water and sanitation (SDG6), forging sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), establishing sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG12), and protecting life below water (SDG14).

She has been researching polymers for almost two decades, and remains passionate about her research field and educating communities. Her new research project, in collaboration with colleagues from her department, targets the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants from groundwater. Testing and water treatment is set to take place in different regions in Qwaqwa, specifically among households that collect drinking and cooking water from boreholes.

Dr Mofokeng’s research group was established in 2016 with one honours and two master’s students. She has since supervised nine honours, seven master’s and one PhD student.

She also recently established international research collaborations with the Libyan Advanced Center for Chemical Analysis and the Faculty of Technology at the University of Banja Luka in Serbia.

News Archive

Position statement: Recent reporting in newspapers
2014-10-03

 

You may have read reports in two Afrikaans newspapers, regarding recent events at the University of the Free State (UFS). Sadly, those reports are inaccurate, one-sided, exaggerated and based not on facts, but on rumour, gossip and unusually personal attacks on members of the university management.

Anyone who spends 10 minutes on our Bloemfontein Campus would wonder what the so-called ‘crisis’ is about.

We are left with no choice other than to consider legal action, as well as the intervention of the South African Press Ombudsman, among other steps, to protect the good name of the institution and the reputation of its staff. No journalist has the right to launch personal and damaging attacks on a university and its personnel, whatever his or her motives, without being fair and factual. In this respect, the newspapers have a case to answer.

But here are the facts in relation to the reports:

  1. No staff member, whether junior or senior, is ever suspended without hard evidence in hand. Such actions are rare, and when done, are preceded by careful reviews of our Human Resource Policies, labour legislation and both internal and external legal advice. Then, and only then, is a suspension affected. A suspension, moreover, does not mean you are guilty and is a precautionary action to allow for the disciplinary investigation and process to be conducted, especially where there is a serious case to answer.
  2. At no stage was the Registrar instructed to leave the university; this is patently false and yet reported as fact. We specifically responded to the media that the Registrar does outstanding work for the university and that it is our intention for him to remain as our Registrar through the end of his contract in 2016.
  3. The Rector does not make decisions by himself. Senior persons, from the position of Dean, upwards, are appointed by statutory and other senior committees of the university and finally approved by Council. No rector can override the decision of a senior committee, and this has not happened at the UFS even in cases where the Rector serves as Chair of that committee. The impression of heavy-handed management at the top insults all our committee structures, including the Institutional Forum – the widest and most inclusive of stakeholder bodies at a university – which reports directly to Council on fairness and compliance of selection processes.
  4. In the case of senior appointments, Council makes the final decision. Council fully supports the actions taken on senior appointments, including a recent senior suspension. The fact that one Council member resigns just before the end of his term, whatever the real reason for this action, does not deter from the fact that the full Council in its last sitting approved the major staffing decisions brought before it. The image therefore that the two newspapers try to create of great turmoil and distress at the university, is completely unfounded.

Even if we wanted to, the university obviously cannot provide details about staffing decisions, especially disciplinary actions in process, since the rights of individuals should be protected in terms of the Human Resource Policies and procedures of the UFS. But that does not give any newspaper the right to speculate or state as fact that which is based on rumour or gossip, or to slander senior personnel of the university. For these reasons, we have been forced to seek legal remedy and correction as a matter of urgency.

Make no mistake, underlying much of the criticism of the university has been a distress about transformation at the UFS; in particular, the perception is created that white colleagues are losing their jobs. The evidence points in the opposite direction. Our progress with equity has been slow and we lag far behind most of the former white universities; that is a fact. More than 90% of our professors are white; most of our senior appointments at professorial level and as heads of department are still overwhelmingly white. Reasonable South Africans would agree that our transformation still has a long way to go and only the mean-spirited would contend otherwise. But based on the two Afrikaans newspaper reports, an impression is left of the aggressive rooting out of white colleagues.

In the past few years the academic standard of the university has significantly improved. We now have the highest academic pass rates in years, in part because we raised the academic standards for admission four years ago. We now have the highest rate of research publications, and among the highest national publication rate of scholarly books, in the history of the UFS. We have one of the most stable financial situations of any university in South Africa, with a strong balance sheet and growing financial reserves way beyond what we had before. We now attract top professors from around the country and other parts of the world, and we have the highest number of rated researchers, through the National Research Foundation, than ever before. And after the constant turmoil of a number of years ago, we now have one of the most stable campuses in South Africa. Those are the facts.

The UFS is also regarded around the world as a university that has become a model of transformation and reconciliation in the student body. The elections of our Student Representative Council are only the most visible example of how far we have come in our leadership diversity. Not a week goes by in which other universities, nationally and abroad, do not come to Kovsies to consult with us on how they can learn from us and deepen their own transformations, especially among students.

Rather than focus on what more than one senior journalist, in reference to the article in Rapport of 21 September 2014, rightly called ‘a hatchet job’ on persons and the university, here are the objective findings of a recent survey of UFS stakeholders: 92% endorse our values; 77% agree with our transformation; 78% believe we are inclusive; and 78% applaud our overall reputation index.  Those are very different numbers from a few years ago when the institution was in crisis.

This is our commitment to all our stakeholders: we will continue our model of inclusive transformation which provides opportunities for study and for employment for all South Africans, including international students and colleagues. We remain committed to our parallel-medium instruction in which Afrikaans remains a language of instruction; we are in fact the only medical school in the country that offers dual education and training in both Afrikaans and English for our students - not only English. We provide bursaries and overseas study opportunities to all our students, irrespective of race. And our ‘future professors’ programme is richly diverse as we seek the academic stars of the future.

We are not perfect as a university management or community. Where we make mistakes, we acknowledge them and try to do better the next time round. But we remain steadfast in our goal of making the UFS a top world university in its academic ambitions and its human commitments.

END

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