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20 September 2024 | Story André Damons | Photo Supplied
zebrafish-blue-in-aquarium
Zebrafish blue in an aquarium.

A researcher from the University of the Free State (UFS) hopes to make living with epilepsy and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) easier by using South African plants extracts which may have anti-epileptic properties and testing them on zebrafish larvae.

Prof Anke Wilhelm, Associate Professor and Divisional Head of Organic Chemistry in the UFS Department of Chemistry, focuses her research on the isolation of active GABAergic compounds (substances that affect the brain’s GABA system, which helps control nervous system activity) by using a test that measures the movement of zebrafish larvae.

Even though obtaining regulatory approval for use as a treatment for epilepsy is a long and complex process, Prof Wilhelm hopes to contribute to the better pain management of people suffering from epilepsy and diseases of the CNS through an affordable alternative drug with less side effects.

The tests are done in a zebrafish bioassay (an analytical method to determine the potency of a substance by its effect on living animals) housed at the UFS’ Chemistry Department.

Why zebrafish larvae?

Prof Wilhelm, who is a National Research Foundation Y2-rated synthetic organic chemist, says zebrafish share about 70% of their genes with humans, and about 84% of human genes known to be associated with diseases have a counterpart in zebrafish. This makes them a valuable model for studying human biology and disease.

“Zebrafish are powerful tools for modelling a wide range of CNS diseases, contributing significantly to the understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of potential treatments,” she says. “Mood disorders, anxiety, insomnia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are all diseases which may be studied through this bioassay.”

She explains that the zebrafish larvae are studied seven days after fertilisation in their bioassay. The larvae are incubated with the specific plant extract at a certain (non-toxic) concentration for three hours. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a GABAA receptor antagonist that has been extensively used in rodent models for acute seizure and anxiety, is then administered to induce concentration-dependent seizures in the zebrafish larvae.

“GABA receptor antagonists are drugs that inhibit the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system,” Prof Wilhelm says. “A specialised infrared camera is then used to track the movement of the larvae inside a chamber. The data is then converted into a graph which shows the movement of each larva over 30 minutes.

“If lowering of movement is observed at a specific concentration it means that the plant extract may have the potential to be used as an epileptic drug, since it has the ability to counteract the induced seizure in the larvae. This bioassay is extremely useful in drug discovery and toxicity screening of plant extracts.”

Zebrafish embryos, she says, develop quickly, with major organs forming within 36 hours of fertilisation. This rapid development allows researchers to observe the effects of experiments in a short period. The maintenance of a zebrafish model is less costly and labour-intensive than using a rodent model. “The use of zebrafish larvae allows for high-throughput screening due to their small size and transparency, which facilitates observation of CNS-related effects. Their genetic and physiological similarities to humans make them a valuable model for early-stage drug discovery.”

Potential uses

The next step in the research, according to Prof Wilhelm, is to identify a single compound from a natural source which may have potential anti-epileptic activity while causing less side effects than current drugs on the market. Researchers would then investigate the possibility of synthesising such a compound on a large scale, to eliminate the use of a natural resource and promote sustainability.

“Many plant extracts which I have screened show a synergistic effect in the zebrafish bioassay, meaning that the extract or the combination of compounds shows potential, but the isolated compounds are inactive. Even if a plant extract shows promise in preclinical and early clinical studies, obtaining regulatory approval for use as a treatment for epilepsy is a long and complex process.

“This includes demonstrating consistent efficacy, safety, and quality in large-scale clinical trials. One of the major challenges in using plant extracts is the lack of standardisation. The concentration of active compounds in plant extracts can vary depending on factors like the plant's growing conditions, harvest time, and extraction methods. This variability makes it difficult to ensure consistent efficacy and safety, therefore this is a time-consuming process.”

Green chemistry

After being approached by Dr Glen Taylor, Senior Director of the UFS Directorate Research Development (DRD), in 2017, regarding funding for Noldus Daniovision equipment, Prof Wilhelm received training from Prof Matthias Hamburger of the University of Basel in Switzerland on how to use such equipment. The larval zebrafish locomotive bioassay was established at the UFS Chemistry Department during 2017 and 2018 and now provides a third-stream income for the department, in conjunction with the Department of Genetics, where the adult zebrafish are housed.

Prof Wilhelm’s other research interests include green chemistry, food sustainability, and recycling. She is looking into green extraction techniques using non-conventional extraction methods to recover valuable bioactive compounds from agricultural and food residues. “Techniques like ultrasound, microwave-assisted extraction, and the use of deep eutectic solvents are becoming popular for their efficiency and alignment with circular economy principles.”

News Archive

During 2011: Appointments
2011-12-01

Dr Lis Lange: Senior Director: DIRAP

Description: 2011 Appointments_Lis Lange Tags: 2011 Appointments_Lis Lange

Dr Lis Lange, an Argentinean by birth, immigrated to South Africa twenty years ago – a few weeks after Nelson Mandela had walked through the gates of Victor Verster. For the past ten years, she has been involved in quality assurance for higher education institutions at the Council on Higher Education at national level.

She is assisting our university in the areas of quality assurance and academic planning, contributing to the development of deep intellectual debate and multi-disciplinary research.


Prof. Charles Dumas, Department of Drama and Theatre Arts

Description: 2011 Appointments_Charles Dumas Tags: 2011 Appointments_Charles Dumas

Prof. Charles Dumas, Extraordinary Professor in our Department of Drama and Theatre Arts, will be spending three months per year for the next three years at our university to help develop filmmaking, specifically focusing on the development of the Video Unit Planned for the Department.

Prof. Dumas started the year off with the production, Our Father’s Daughters, which was produced during the Mini-festival as well as at the Reitz Four reconciliation meeting. The production was also turned into a short film. Prof. Dumas gave film-acting classes to the third-year drama students. He directed multiple productions, such as the third-year module production Ipi Zombi, the Grahamstown Festival production, Seven Guitars and the Dance/drama production, Race, Reconciliation and the Reitz Four.


Prof. Daniel Plaatjies, UFS Business School

Description: 2011 Appointments_Daniel Plaatjies Tags: 2011 Appointments_Daniel Plaatjies

Prof. Daniel Plaatjies is the former Director and Head of the Graduate School of Public and Development Management at the University of the Witwatersrand. He was mainly responsible for the leading, directing and managing of strategic academic programmes, teaching, research, governance, service management and monitoring. Prof. Plaatjies, who was appointed as Visiting Professor at our Business School this year, will as part of his new duties at our Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, be lecturing part-time and supervise our PhD students.


Prof. Johann Neethling, Department of Private Law

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Prof. Johann Neethling’s career is now completing its full circle with his appointment as Senior Professor in our Department of Private Law. In 1965 he was a first-year at this university. With his nine law text books and nearly 200 articles, together with 40 years’ experience in academic training he is of inestimable value to this Department. His publications contribute to the establishment of our university as a research institute.


Prof. Hussein Solomon, Department of Political Science

 Description: 2011 Appointments_Hussein Solomon Tags: 2011 Appointments_Hussein Solomon

Prof. Hussein Solomon joined our university this year as Senior Professor in the Department of Political Science. Formerly he worked in peace NGOs, advised diplomats and acts as a serving officer in the South African Air Force.

His area of research expertise includes conflict and conflict resolution in Africa; South African Foreign Policy; international relations theory; religious fundamentalism and population movements within the developing world. He is also the author of a number of books, including one on global jihad and one on India's secret relationship with apartheid South Africa.

He is also member of the internationally renowned Our Humanity in the Balance (OHIB) organisation, where his role is to bring these disparate communities together and to focus energies on a common project.


Prof. André Keet, International Institute for Studies in Race, Reconciliation and Social Justice

Description: 2011 Appointments_Andre Keet Tags: 2011 Appointments_Andre Keet

Prof. André Keet, our Director of the International Institute for Studies in Race, Reconciliation and Social Justice, joined the University of Pretoria on a part-time basis in 2008, whilst being a Commissioner on the Commission for Gender Equality. Later he left the Commission and joined the University of Fort Hare. “I was happy to join academia and now also serve on the Stellenbosch University Council; therefore I am very aware of the challenges facing higher education,” he said.

His vision for the Institute is to support higher-education transformation, promote non-discrimination, reconciliation and human rights, build national, regional and international networks, and developing ‘new’ languages, knowledge and discourses for reconciliation and social justice, all to the benefit of our university and South Africa.”


Prof. Helene Strauss, Department of English

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Prof. Helene Strauss completed her PhD at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, where she taught courses on Film Studies, Children’s Literature and South African Literature and Culture. “I was subsequently appointed as an Assistant Professor in the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.” She joined our Department of English this year.

Prof. Strauss has an on-going preoccupation with questions concerning social justice, race, gender and ethical interpersonal interaction in South Africa and beyond.


Prof. EC Ejiogu, Centre for Africa Studies

Description: 2011 Appointments_EC Ejiogu Tags: 2011 Appointments_EC Ejiogu

After 22 years in the United States of America, Prof. EC Ejiogu decided to return to Africa – to his roots – to join our university’s Centre for Africa Studies at the beginning of 2011.

Before joining the Centre, he was Assistant Research Professor in the Centre for Innovation at the University of Maryland, College Park. As Senior Researcher at the Centre, he has already helped with the streamlining of the academic programme, restructuring it to enable students to gain skills necessary to deliver a research proposal towards a dissertation after their three years of study. He has also taken up PhD and Master’s supervision.

His latest publications include a book published in March 2011 with the title, Roots of Political Instability in Nigeria, and a book co-edited with Prof. Kwandiwe Kondlo, Director of the Centre for Africa Studies, Africa in focus: Governance in the 21st century, published in April 2011.


Pura Mgolombane, Vice-Dean: Student Affairs

Description: 2011 Appointments_Pura Tags: 2011 Appointments_Pura

Bringing with him a decade of experience in Student Affairs our new Assistant-Dean for Student Life and Leadership, Pura Mgolombane, has big plans for student development. He says his office wants to help Kovsies increase its throughput rate and produce socially well-adjusted and employable graduates in South Africa, the continent and anywhere in the world.

Before joining Kovsies, he was employed as Director: Student Life, Governance and Culture at Walter Sisulu University. Pura, who has a background in Human Resources, Business Management and Corporate Law, says his academic training has empowered him with skills to ensure that the Student Life and Leadership is properly led, governed and managed.


Prof. Hasina Ebrahim, School for Social Sciences and Language Education

Description: 2011 Appointments_Hasina Ebrahim Tags: 2011 Appointments_Hasina Ebrahim

This former academic from the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal was appointed as Associate Professor at our School for Social Sciences and Language Education in the Faculty of Education. Amongst others, she is the project coordinator for the Faculty’s Early Childhood and Foundation Phase Teacher Education Programme and the MEd and PhD supervisor in the programme.

Prof. Ebrahim is also the Deputy-President of the first South African Research Association for Early Childhood Education (birth to nine). “This is certainly a milestone to profile the university in terms of its thrust towards excellence in research,” she says. One of the main aims of the association is to shape the research agenda for a marginalised field in South Africa. 


Prof. Corli Witthuhn, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences

 Description: 2011 Appointments_Corli Witthuhn Tags: 2011 Appointments_Corli Witthuhn

Prof. Corli Witthuhn, a former Bloemfonteiner, attained her PhD in Microbiology at our university. Therafter, in 1999, she was appointed as a lecturer at Stellenbosch University and later as Vice-Dean.

Currently she is our Vice-Dean in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. She hopes to sustain her research here at our University.

Her life motto? “Opportunities are presented in the form of obstacles,” she says.
 


Prof. Melanie Walker

Description: 2011 Appointments_Melanie Walker Tags: 2011 Appointments_Melanie Walker

Prof. Melanie Walker is a prominent South African scholar who has been working as Professor of Higher Education Studies at the world-leading University of Nottingham in the UK, where she been Director of Postgraduate Students and a Director of Research in the Faculty of Social Sciences. She will join the University of the Free State in February 2012 as Senior University Professor in the Postgraduate School.

She is a graduate of the University of KwaZulu-Natal and the University of Cape Town, where she completed her PhD, after teaching in disadvantaged secondary schools for a number of years. Prior to working at Nottingham she worked at the Universities of Sheffield, West of England and Glasgow, as well as the Universities of Cape Town and the Western Cape. She is also a Fellow of the Human Development and Capability Association. She is currently Director of Research Training and a senior researcher in the EU-funded Marie Curie EDUWEL project, which includes senior researchers from eight European countries and 15 early-stage researchers.

With a long-standing commitment to social-justice research and equality practices, she is currently widely recognised internationally as leading in the application of the capability approach and human development to higher education policy and practice. Among others, she has led or participated in research projects funded by the NRF (South Africa), the Higher Education Academy (UK), HEFCE (UK), EU, and ESRC/DfID, which funded the Public-Good Professionals’ Capability Index research project. 
 

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