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20 September 2024 | Story André Damons | Photo Supplied
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Zebrafish blue in an aquarium.

A researcher from the University of the Free State (UFS) hopes to make living with epilepsy and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) easier by using South African plants extracts which may have anti-epileptic properties and testing them on zebrafish larvae.

Prof Anke Wilhelm, Associate Professor and Divisional Head of Organic Chemistry in the UFS Department of Chemistry, focuses her research on the isolation of active GABAergic compounds (substances that affect the brain’s GABA system, which helps control nervous system activity) by using a test that measures the movement of zebrafish larvae.

Even though obtaining regulatory approval for use as a treatment for epilepsy is a long and complex process, Prof Wilhelm hopes to contribute to the better pain management of people suffering from epilepsy and diseases of the CNS through an affordable alternative drug with less side effects.

The tests are done in a zebrafish bioassay (an analytical method to determine the potency of a substance by its effect on living animals) housed at the UFS’ Chemistry Department.

Why zebrafish larvae?

Prof Wilhelm, who is a National Research Foundation Y2-rated synthetic organic chemist, says zebrafish share about 70% of their genes with humans, and about 84% of human genes known to be associated with diseases have a counterpart in zebrafish. This makes them a valuable model for studying human biology and disease.

“Zebrafish are powerful tools for modelling a wide range of CNS diseases, contributing significantly to the understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of potential treatments,” she says. “Mood disorders, anxiety, insomnia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are all diseases which may be studied through this bioassay.”

She explains that the zebrafish larvae are studied seven days after fertilisation in their bioassay. The larvae are incubated with the specific plant extract at a certain (non-toxic) concentration for three hours. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a GABAA receptor antagonist that has been extensively used in rodent models for acute seizure and anxiety, is then administered to induce concentration-dependent seizures in the zebrafish larvae.

“GABA receptor antagonists are drugs that inhibit the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system,” Prof Wilhelm says. “A specialised infrared camera is then used to track the movement of the larvae inside a chamber. The data is then converted into a graph which shows the movement of each larva over 30 minutes.

“If lowering of movement is observed at a specific concentration it means that the plant extract may have the potential to be used as an epileptic drug, since it has the ability to counteract the induced seizure in the larvae. This bioassay is extremely useful in drug discovery and toxicity screening of plant extracts.”

Zebrafish embryos, she says, develop quickly, with major organs forming within 36 hours of fertilisation. This rapid development allows researchers to observe the effects of experiments in a short period. The maintenance of a zebrafish model is less costly and labour-intensive than using a rodent model. “The use of zebrafish larvae allows for high-throughput screening due to their small size and transparency, which facilitates observation of CNS-related effects. Their genetic and physiological similarities to humans make them a valuable model for early-stage drug discovery.”

Potential uses

The next step in the research, according to Prof Wilhelm, is to identify a single compound from a natural source which may have potential anti-epileptic activity while causing less side effects than current drugs on the market. Researchers would then investigate the possibility of synthesising such a compound on a large scale, to eliminate the use of a natural resource and promote sustainability.

“Many plant extracts which I have screened show a synergistic effect in the zebrafish bioassay, meaning that the extract or the combination of compounds shows potential, but the isolated compounds are inactive. Even if a plant extract shows promise in preclinical and early clinical studies, obtaining regulatory approval for use as a treatment for epilepsy is a long and complex process.

“This includes demonstrating consistent efficacy, safety, and quality in large-scale clinical trials. One of the major challenges in using plant extracts is the lack of standardisation. The concentration of active compounds in plant extracts can vary depending on factors like the plant's growing conditions, harvest time, and extraction methods. This variability makes it difficult to ensure consistent efficacy and safety, therefore this is a time-consuming process.”

Green chemistry

After being approached by Dr Glen Taylor, Senior Director of the UFS Directorate Research Development (DRD), in 2017, regarding funding for Noldus Daniovision equipment, Prof Wilhelm received training from Prof Matthias Hamburger of the University of Basel in Switzerland on how to use such equipment. The larval zebrafish locomotive bioassay was established at the UFS Chemistry Department during 2017 and 2018 and now provides a third-stream income for the department, in conjunction with the Department of Genetics, where the adult zebrafish are housed.

Prof Wilhelm’s other research interests include green chemistry, food sustainability, and recycling. She is looking into green extraction techniques using non-conventional extraction methods to recover valuable bioactive compounds from agricultural and food residues. “Techniques like ultrasound, microwave-assisted extraction, and the use of deep eutectic solvents are becoming popular for their efficiency and alignment with circular economy principles.”

News Archive

SRC Inauguration speech: 22 January 2005
2005-01-22

Campus Head (Prof Peter Mbati). Dean of Students (Dr Natie Luyt). Deputy Director: Student Affairs and my boss (Mr. Teboho Manchu), Members of the University executive and Academic staff members, SRC members, Leaders of trade Unions and Student organizations, Distinguished guests, Ladies and gentlemen, most importantly first entering students and Parents receive my heartfelt revolutionary greetings.

Let me extend my word of appreciation to our distinguished guests for adding value and dignity to this event. Your presence here means a lot to us. Program Director what I bring here with me, assisted by facts, and is therefore just the work of my imagination. Like a love letter addressed to a sweetheart miles away, even though you do not know how she feels, what she wants to hear, and do not even know how her face looks like.

To me a speech is just an honest and intimate conversation. That is why I got into the habit of establishing a dialogue, or a debate, with my acquaintances looking at their faces and trying to persuade them of what I am telling them.

Mr. Speaker and Madam Deputy Speaker of the Student Parliament we are gathering at this ceremony, significantly few weeks after the release of grade 12 results, with the exception of those from Mpumalanga because of fraud. The Grade 12 results also show that only 18% of Black learners matriculated with exemptions, as compared to 53, 6% of white learners. This is an indication that our education system needs an overhaul.

We are also gathered here significantly a day after the management retreat held in Bloemfontein, Masselspoort. The retreat discussed, among other things, the transformation agenda, and some possible solutions to challenges we are facing now.

Most regrettably, we are gathered here when the whole world morns the victims of Tsunami tragedy. Let me therefore tore the line and convey our deepest condolences, from the last robot of my heart, to the affected families. Our hearts and thoughts will always be occupied by this horrified tragedy.

Creating a new Institution

I would submit, for purposes of debate and discussions that this Institution should strive to specialize and excel in regional rural development studies. Since our higher education, institutions in South Africa are generally weak in rural development studies. Instead, most of them tend to have an urban orientation to their programmes. Training everybody for the cities, big business and the private sector. This is a big weakness in a country with such large rural areas and population trapped in poverty, disease and ignorance.

Women’s studies

Program Director, it is only a moron who can argue against the fact that for us to reposition the institution around the regional development challenge, we need to start first with women empowerment. It is a fact that in most of our poor communities and families, it is women who withstand the worst of poverty. They are the ones who daily have to wipe tears from children who are hungry. It is women who look after the sick, the elderly, those dying from AIDS and the jobless. They are the one who have to fetch water, make fire and cook. There can therefore be no rural development studies without women studies, in particular on how to empower them and assist in the provision of basic services, so that they are relieved from some of the burdensome task of the society.

Registration Process

Mr. Speaker and Madam Deputy Speaker of the Student Parliament let me indicate that the registration is a process and not an event, so it cannot be concluded overnight. This huge process demands for people to stay calm, as there is no crisis. People should stop being excited. At the same time, no organization should use its cheap popularity and unilaterally disrupt the continuous and smooth running of the registration process at hand.

Let me strongly indicate, madam deputy speaker, that I am on record for stating that I have forgiven all those who have wronged us. I harbour no bitterness towards the protagonists of our painful and unfortunate events of the past week. And we will overcome this process not by our own devices but by the help of Almighty God and the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Concerning registration of first years, we have programs, concerning that of senior students, we have programs, regarding graduations we have programs, and concerning HIV\AIDS we have programs. So, there is no need for people to press panicking buttons.

Mr. Speaker and Madam Deputy Speaker of the Student Parliament let me be opportunistic and welcome the entire student body on Campus for the academic year 2005. May our lovely first entering students have a happy and momentous year as part of Qwaqwa Campus of University of the Free State. May your studies be fruitful and enjoyable.

Student years are generally the happiest years of your life, so please make the most of them. While you are doing, all your preparations bear in mind that University is not an opportunity, it is just creating opportunities for a person.

On behalf of SRC members, our people, our students and management members I would like to welcome you all. Even though your parents are far away, here at Uniqwa you have more brothers, more sisters and more parents. Since we will love you with the same love as if we are from one family, and I have no doubts that management members will love and care for you as if you are their own children. Should you encounter any problem while studying at the Qwaqwa Campus of University of the Free State do not hesitate to contact us at the SRC offices because we need to ameliorate any factor influencing you negatively while on campus. I wish you well in the attainment of your academic pursuit.

Senior Students: We are not faced with just a new year but another academic year where we all have to work together to achieve our common goal of building our Institution through the development of human power. I urge you to invest your whole selves in this SRC.

For quite some time now, a debate has been ranging as to, whether has there been any progress in this incorporation process, or we are just moving with no direction. This debate is important, but I hasten to add not essential. The SRC is also involved in this debate, but with definite shift in emphasis. For us it is not important to participate in the debate than it is in finding solutions for the challenges of this new chapter in the history of humankind.

To my colleagues: Comrades, we are leading this Institution with a sense of pride and duty, and I know very well that we lead men and women, students who are determined to ensure that we all reach our destination safely and on time.

I said in one of our meetings that there are more enemies on our way, more than we can imagine. I think you witnessed that during the course of this week. The excitement and unnecessary confusions caused by some confused and loosed charlatans bear testimony to my statements. We should not reveal our game plans unless we are ready to slam.

Let me also borrow from the words of the late Albert Lethuli when he said and I quote: “There remains before us the building of the new land, from the ruins of the old narrow groups, a synthesis of the rich cultural strains which we have inherited. The task is immense”. Lastly, a navy divided within its ranks will be vanquished and destroyed by the enemy, but a navy united in purpose and action, loyalty and commitment will not drawn but sail on to victory.

In conclusion, let me call upon all political structures, church denominations, developmental structures, clubs, societies and forums to put aside all their differences, ideological insinuations and forge unity towards transforming Qwaqwa Campus of University of the Free State into an institution that is seen playing vigilant role in developing students academically, politically, socially, spiritually, religiously, culturally and otherwise.

Program Director, let me end my speech by indicating that every drop of my blood is telling me that Uniqwa is my home. I firstly became a student here, I became an activist here, I became a leader here, I became a president here, I will become a graduant here and hopefully I will become an employee here. So never, doubt my commitment towards the community of this campus.

Please be informed, in a central University of Technology’s way, that if there is no UNIQWA in HEAVEN, then I am not GOING.

Let us broaden the social base.

Tello Titus Wa-Motloung President General

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