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12 June 2025 | Story University of the Free State | Photo Supplied
Dr Hossein Naghizadeh and Refilwe Lediga
Collaborative innovation in action: Researchers from the University of the Free State’s Green Concrete Lab have partnered with the University of Johannesburg to advance 3D printing technologies using sustainable concrete materials. Pictured (from left): Dr Hossein Naghizadeh, Senior Lecturer in Engineering Sciences at UFS, and Refilwe Lediga, Concrete Printing Research Expert in the Department of Civil Engineering Technology at UJ.

In an ambitious and interdisciplinary effort to address today’s Grand Challenges, researchers at the University of the Free State (UFS) are exploring how nature’s oldest life forms – stromatolites – can inspire cutting-edge innovations in industrial ecology and marine conservation.  Drawing from biomimicry, 3D printing, and microbial engineering, their work showcases the convergence of ecological insight with modern technology. 

“One such example is replicating the structures of stromatolites – some of the earliest evidence of life - using green cement and 3D printing, the latest technology in industrial ecology,” explains Dr Jacques Maritz, Head of the Unit of Engineering Sciences at UFS. 

 

Ancient structures, modern science  

Stromatolites are layered microbial formations created by ancient cyanobacteria and date back over 3.5 billion years. These living fossils, found in fossil records and rare modern environments like Shark Bay in Australia, grow through a combination of photosynthesis, sediment trapping, and calcium carbonate precipitation. Not only do they support biodiversity, but they also play a vital role in natural carbon sequestration. 

UFS researchers are harnessing the lessons from these ancient formations to address urgent environmental challenges. In particular, Dr Yolandi Schoeman, Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Biogeochemistry, is leading efforts to cultivate hybrid stromatolites in controlled environments, using microbial consortia grown on 3D-printed scaffolds.  

“At UFS, we are reimagining stromatolite formation through both artificial structural replication and biological cultivation, bridging industrial ecology and microbial engineering to address modern environmental challenges,” says Dr Schoeman. 

 

Ecological engineering for reef restoration 

The rapid decline of marine biodiversity and the degradation of natural reef ecosystems have prompted ecological engineers to develop innovative solutions. At the UFS Green Concrete Lab, researchers are pioneering the design of artificial reefs using 3D-printed, low-carbon geopolymer concrete – a material formulated from industrial by-products such as fly ash and slag. 

Artificial reefs mimic natural reef complexity and serve as critical habitats for marine life, from fish and crustaceans to coral polyps and algae. Algae, in particular, are key to marine ecosystems due to their roles in nutrient cycling, oxygen production, and carbon capture. 

“Green concrete refers to concrete that utilises alternative binders and industrial by-products, significantly reducing the environmental footprint. At UFS, we are focusing on geopolymer concrete, which eliminates the high-energy processes associated with Portland cement, while offering greater chemical resistance - ideal for marine applications,” explains Dr Abdolhossein Naghizadeh from the Unit of Engineering Sciences. 

 

3D printing nature’s complexity 

One of the challenges in artificial reef development is replicating biologically inspired geometries that support diverse marine ecosystems. Traditional construction methods often fail in this regard, but additive manufacturing, or 3D concrete printing, is providing a solution.  

The UFS Green Concrete Lab, in collaboration with the University of Johannesburg, is developing reef modules with intricate geometries and natural surface textures. These features support coral and algae attachment, accelerate ecological colonisation, and enhance habitat functionality. Biochar-based compost filters are also being integrated to aid algae-driven wastewater treatment. 

A particularly novel avenue of research involves using 3D printing to recreate stromatolite structures. These serve as ancient blueprints for modern reef design, merging deep-time ecological understanding with advanced material science. 

 

Biologically engineered hybrid stromatolites  

In parallel to structural efforts, UFS is advancing biological approaches to stromatolite cultivation. From July 2025, researchers in the Unit of Engineering Sciences will initiate a large-scale experiment using microbial consortia in 60-litre tanks, scaling up to 1 m² hypersaline ponds. 3D-printed conical scaffolds, coated with materials such as PP-CaCO₃, hydroxyapatite, and silica gel, will accelerate microbial colonisation and lamination. 

The goal: to achieve stromatolite growth of 14-16 mm in just 28 days - over 150 times faster than in nature. These hybrid systems are expected to produce 7-8 mg/L/day of oxygen, sequester carbon at 3.2 g/m²/day, and remove up to 90% of nitrates and phosphates from water. The potential applications extend from terrestrial ecosystem restoration to extraterrestrial life-support systems. 

 

A multidisciplinary vision for sustainability 

This work exemplifies the strength of interdisciplinary research at UFS, combining civil engineering, mechatronics, marine ecology, chemistry, microbiology, and digital fabrication. The Ecological Engineering Sciences stream fosters a vibrant environment for postgraduate students to develop practical, impactful solutions.  

The Green Concrete Lab is central to these efforts, offering students and researchers access to advanced technologies and collaborative networks. Through their innovative work in 3D-printed green concrete and microbial systems, UFS researchers are addressing biodiversity loss, advancing sustainable construction, and contributing to the global climate agenda. 

“Whether it's rethinking materials, restoring ecosystems, or redefining what concrete can be, our research is laying the foundation for a better, more sustainable world beneath the waves,” concludes Dr Maritz. 

News Archive

Art and science help us understand the world and our place in it
2017-10-28



Description: Art and science  Tags: Art and science

At the event were, from the left: Tristan Nel, first-year Fine Arts student;
Dr Janine Allen-Spies from the Department of Fine Arts;
Prof Carlien Pohl-Albertyn from the Department of Microbiology,
Biochemical and Food Biotechnology; and Pheny Mokawane, a
Microbiology, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology student.
Photo: Charl Devenish

Although BioArt dates back as far as the 15th and 16th centuries with the work of Leonardo da Vinci, it is not every day that art and science combine. This rare phenomenon made its appearance when two totally different groups of students – studying arts and microbiology respectively – joined hands in an initiative to create BioArt.

This first-time undergraduate teaching collaboration between the Departments of Fine Arts and Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology at the University of the Free State (UFS), which is characterised by the use of living materials, such as enzymes, microbes and DNA, as well as scientific tools and methods, is exploring a number of questions. 

Different outcomes for arts and microbiology students

According to Prof Carlien Pohl-Albertyn from the Department of Microbiology, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, one of the central questions explored in BioArt is the nature of ‘life’. “At which stage can matter be classified as being alive or living?” she asked. 

“We realised that the outcomes for the two groups of students would not be the same. For the microbiology students, the focus would be on the understanding and effective communication of a microbiological concept. For the art students the focus would be on the execution of the assignment using visual elements and applied theory of art,” said Prof Pohl-Albertyn.

Dr Janine Allen-Spies from the Department of Fine Arts added: “Art students will also be exploring strangely or previously unforeseen gaps between art and science that can be filled with imaginative interpretations which may forward creative insights in both BioArt as a developing art form and microbiology as investigative science.”

Students’ understanding of microbial evolution reflected in art
The art students had to visit the microbiology labs for their assignment as this is mostly a foreign environment for these students. “The paint medium they had to use was gouache. This medium with its bright colours works well to depict microscopic organisms in art,” Dr Allen-Spies said. 

On display at the Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology on the Bloemfontein Campus, at a recent event to introduce this new initiative to a wider audience, was a range of visually and scientifically compelling paintings and artefacts (such as paintings, poems, songs, apps) which explore a theme within microbiology from a BioArt perspective that uses creativity to communicate concepts dealt with in the module Microbial Evolution and Diversity.

Any parties who are interested in buying the art can contact Dr Allen-Spies at allenj@ufs.ac.za.

Paintings and artefacts reflects students understanding of BioArt. At the recent opening of the BioArt exhibition at the UFS Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, was the work of Madeleen Jansen van Rensburg on display.

Pheny Mokawane, a Microbiology, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology student, wrote a poem for his BioArt project in the Microbial Evolution and Diversity assignment. 

 

 

 

 

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