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28 November 2019 | Story Leonie Bolleurs
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Dr Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen and Ruth Cozien at a spot high up in the Maloti-Drakensberg World Heritage Site, close to Sentinel Peak, photographing a Drakensberg crag lizard underneath the leaves of the ‘Hidden Flower’.

Flowers high up in the Maloti-Drakensberg World Heritage Site made world news when it was discovered that the Drakensberg Crag Lizard is their sole pollinator. 

This first for continental Africa – a plant being pollinated by a lizard – is a discovery by a research group including Dr Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Plant Sciences and affiliate of the Afromontane Research Unit (ARU) at the Qwaqwa Campus of the University of the Free State (UFS), in collaboration with Dr Timo van der Niet, Prof Steven Johnson, and project leader Ruth Cozien, all from the Pollination Ecology Research Laboratory and Centre for Functional Biodiversity at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Besides their work being published in popular news here in South Africa (including an isiZulu article), it has also received coverage in, among others, Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United States of America. 

Is it a bee, a bird, perhaps a mouse?

‘Hidden Flower’, true to its name, is a plant species with flowers hidden at ground level, underneath the leaves of the plant. Like the leaves, the flowers are also green. With the flowers filled with nectar (up to 1 ml per plant) and strongly scented, one concludes that, just as with other flowers, these flowers must be visited by a pollinator. Is it a bee, is it a bird, perhaps a mouse/non-flying mammal?

According to Dr Steenhuisen, who was brought into the project because of her experience with rodents pollinating proteas, many plants are adapted to attract and be pollinated by a specific animal. They attract their pollinators using particular scents and colours and reward them for their service with, for example, nectar, oil, fragrance, and sometimes even shelter. 

The ‘Hidden Flower’ initially had the group of researchers thinking that it was being pollinated by a non-flying mammal. “Everything about the plant made it look like it should be mammal-pollinated,” Dr Steenhuisen said. 

They investigated all options, using several techniques to assess the contribution of different possible animals to set seed. To further assist them in their quest to find the true pollinator, the team put up motion cameras that recorded activity in the area of the ‘Hidden Flower’. 

Great was their surprise when studying the video material after a week of fieldwork in the mountains, finding shy lizards dipping their snouts in the ‘Hidden Flower’ and lapping up the nectar.

Dr Steenhuisen described this discovery as completely bizarre, exciting, and fascinating. 

To make 100% sure that lizards are pollinating the ‘Hidden Flower’, these animals were excluded from the plants. Results published in a paper in Ecology showed that when the lizards were experimentally excluded from the plants, the number of seeds produced dropped dramatically by almost 95%. This finding helped to further prove their discovery. 

Strong scent and bright orange colour attract

The team researched the new phenomenon and found that although flower visitation by lizards is not unknown, it occurs almost exclusively on oceanic islands. Cozien says one should keep in mind that mountains are like sky islands and might therefore have similarities with oceanic islands in terms of their ecology.

The strong scent and the touch of orange at the base of the inside of the flowers is believed to play an important role in attracting lizards. The little lizard may recognise the spots of orange inside the flowers which resemble the orange colour of a male lizard in mating season, attracting females. Lured by the strong scent and the orange spots, the reptiles stick their snouts into the flower in search of nectar, pollinating the ‘Hidden Flower’; thus, making sure that this flower will continue to grow on the slopes of Sentinel Peak in the Maloti Drakensberg range. 

This research finding on lizard pollination, which reads almost like a fairy tale with its islands, hidden flowers, nectar from the gods, and little dragons, shows that there are still many unknown and surprising interactions that need to be discovered and conserved to ensure a healthy ecological system. 

The research findings of this study were published in April 2019. 

News Archive

UFS becomes partner of national bursary competition for the performing arts
2008-11-28

The Department of Drama and Theatre Arts at the University of the Free State (UFS) has become a partner of the Arts & Culture Trust (ACT) and the Dramatic, Artistic, and Literary Rights Organisation’s (DALRO) new bursary programme for the performing arts.

The ACT DALRO Scholarship Programme will be implemented for the first time in 2009. For the following three years (2009-2011) one learner will receive
R75 000 per year that will be used to pay for his/her studies to an accredited undergraduate tertiary institution of their choice in the performing arts.

Grade 12 learners are invited to participate in the national competition where their abilities to act, sing and dance will be judged. Individuals who already matriculated and who are not registered for a formal course in the performing arts, are also encouraged to participate. Schools, drama clubs and colleges may also register a group of learners.

An elimination round of the competition will take place next year on 21 and 22 July 2009 at the Scaena Theatre on the UFS Main Campus in Bloemfontein.

The registration fee is R200 per participant and a limited number of registrations will be subsidised. The closing date for the applications for subsidies is 31 March 2009 and registration of individuals and/or organisations is 30 April 2009.

Register at the Department of Drama and Theatre Arts at the UFS or fax the necessary documents to 051 401 3494. Application forms, rules and requirements to prepare for the competition can be requested from kamperm.hum@ufs.ac.za or fax a request to 051 401 3493.

Finalists must be available for the final round that will take place in September 2009 in Johannesburg. ACT will carry the cost of the transport and accommodation of the finalists for the final round.

Ms Marijda Kamper can be contacted at 051 401 2160 or kamperm.hum@ufs.ac.za  for more information regarding the Free State round. Mr Pieter Jacobs can be contacted at 011 802 7646 or pieter@act.org.za for general enquiries about the ACT Programme, or visit www.act.org.za .


Media Release
Issued by: Lacea Loader
Assistant Director: Media Liaison
Tel: 051 401 2584
Cell: 083 645 2454
E-mail: loaderl.stg@ufs.ac.za  
28 November 2008
 

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