Patents: A patent is a legal protection granted to inventors for their novel and non-obvious inventions, giving them exclusive rights to make, use, and sell their invention for a limited period of time.

Trademarks: A trademark is a sign or symbol used to distinguish the goods or services of one company from those of another, such as a name, logo, or slogan.

Copyrights: Copyright protects original works of authorship, such as books, music, and artwork, from being copied or distributed without permission from the creator.
 

Trade secrets: Trade secrets are confidential business information, such as formulas, designs, or processes, which provide a competitive advantage and are not publicly known.

Industrial designs: Industrial designs protect the aesthetic aspects of a product, such as its shape, pattern, or colour scheme.

Geographic indications: Geographic indications identify goods as originating from a specific geographic location, such as a region or country, and are often associated with a particular quality or reputation.